Page 899 - Mechanical Engineers' Handbook (Volume 2)

Index 891

Lag: Linear models, standard forms for, 314–
first-/second-order, 625–627 321
time, 496, 497 converting I/O to phase-variable form,
Lag compensators, 415, 417, 424, 636, 321
639, 640, 642–645 I/O form, 315–318
Lag prefilters, 651–652 state-variable form, 318–321
Laminar flowmeters, 179–180 Linear-motion servomotors, 574–576,
Lands (term), 395 579–580
Laplace transforms, 189, 322–324, 448– Linear position servosystems, 593
456 Linear-quadratic-regulator (LQR) problem:
inverse transform by general formula, continuous-time, 763–764
456 discrete-time, 764–766
partial-fraction expansion and inverse disturbance accommodation, 768–770
transform, 452–455 extensions of, 768–776
single-sided, 448–450 frequency shaping of cost functionals,
table of transform pairs, 453 772–775
robust servomechanism control, 774–
transfer function, 451–452
776
transforming LTI ordinary differential
equations, 450–451 stability/robustness of optimal-control
law, 766–767
Laws of thermoelectricity, 139–141
standard, 762–767
LBs, see Logic blocks
LDs (ladder diagrams), 690 tracking applications using, 770–772
Lead compensators, 415, 417, 424, 633, Linear-state-estimator design, 776–783
observers in, 777–781
635–641 optimal observers in, 781–783
effect of, 639–641 Linear systems analysis, 321–350
first-order, 636, 639
response to periodic inputs using
limitations of, 635
transform methods, 337–350
second-order, 637, 639–641 transform methods, 322–330
stability of, 637, 638
transient analysis using transform
Leadership, design requirements of, 293
methods, 328–339
Lead prefilters, 652–654 Linear time-invariant (LTI) differential
Lead wire effects, 85–88 equations, 448, 450–452
Leakage path, 613 Linear transducers, 699
Least significant bit (LSB), 845 Linear two-ports, 41–43
Least-squares fit, 7, 196, 197 Linear variable differential transformer
Least-squares line, 94, 95 (LVDT), 114, 389, 390, 856–857
Length standard, 116 Line as a whole confidence limit, 20
Liapunov’s stability theory, 441 Line regulation, 102
Life cycle of systems engineering, 261– LIP, see Linear in adjustable parameters
266 Load, 45, 48–50
Limit of error, 125 Load force (pressure) feedback, 613
Linear amplifiers, 569 Loading, 119
Linear in adjustable parameters (LIP), Load regulation, 102
793, 794 Load transient recovery, 102
Linearity, 5, 6, 94, 103, 118–119 Logarithmic plot, 339
Linearity theorem, 449 Logic blocks (LBs), 241–242
Linearize thermistors, 163 Logic gates, 246–248
Linearizing approximations, 367–368 Lookup tables (LUTs), 241–243
Linear lumped two-ports, ideal, 42 Loop gain, 621–625