Page 903 - Mechanical Engineers' Handbook (Volume 2)

Index 895

Null instruments, 65–66 One-phase-on switching, 563
Numerical approximation errors, 358 One-port element, 303
Numerical controllers (NCs), 696–710 One-port element laws, 304–307
and CAD/CAM, 709–710 One-sided test, 29
history/applications of, 696–698 One-time-programmable device (OTP),
input media for, 699 250
point-to-point/contouring, 701 Online programming, 714
principles of operation for, 698–701 On–off controllers, 399, 497, 498
programming of, 702–709 Op amps, see Operational amplifiers
Numerical instability, 358 OPC standard, see OLE for prices control
Numerical integration methods, 354 standard
errors in, 357, 358 Open-loop characteristic equation
Euler, 354–355 (OLCE), 469
multistep, 356–357 Open-loop systems, 385
predictor–corrector, 357 closed-loop frequency response from
Runge–Kutta, 355–356 that of, 514–516
selecting, 359 closed-loop vs., 445, 446
Nyquist, H., 444 for PID, 420–421
Nyquist plot, 419 polar plot for, 508, 509
Nyquist stability criterion, 481–486 Open-loop transfer function, 469
Nyquist stability theorem, 419–420
Open Systems Interconnect (OSI)
standard, 232–233
O Operating point of static systems, 45–56
exchange of real power, 45–47
Object systems, 274 fatigue in bolted assemblies, 52
Observability, 748–752 graphical determination of output
Observable canonical form, 723–724, 727, impedance for nonlinear systems,
728, 733–734, 737 54–56
Observer algorithms, 412 input/output impedance at the, 48
Observer-based controllers, 783–788 and load for maximum transfer of
Observers, 777–783
for LTV continuous-time systems, 777 power, 48–50
for LTV discrete-time systems, 778 for nonlinear characteristics, 52–54
NN, 806–808 in power/energy exchange, 46–48
optimal, 781–783 tension-testing machine, 50–52
structure of, 777 transforming the, 57–61
ODE (orientation-dependent etching), 868 Operating point transformation, 57–61
OEMs (original equipment impedance requirements for mixed
manufacturers), 680 systems, 58–61
Off-line programming, 714, 715 transducer-matched impedances, 57–58
Off set error, 400 Operational amplifiers (op amps), 406,
Ohmmeters, 835 407, 494, 840–844
OLCE (open-loop characteristic equation), inverting, 841–842
469 noninverting, 842–843
OLE for prices control (OPC) standard, schematics of, 843
233–234 Operational deployment phase (system
One-arm bridge, 86 design), 292–293
circuit for manipulating a, 91 Operational environments, 287
color code and wiring designation for, Operator hierarchy, 246
88 Optical encoders, 391, 853–854