Page 906 - Mechanical Engineers' Handbook (Volume 2)

898 Index

Probability density diagram, 17 Pseudoderivative feedback (PDF), 418,
Probability density functions, 16–17 419
Probable error, 125 Pull-in torque, 564
Process controllers, 435–437, 444 Pull-out torque, 564
Process control systems, 388 Pulsating flows, 177
Processor load reduction, 239 Pulse-echo technique, 173
Process reaction method, 412 Pulse-frequency modulation (PFM)
Process sheets, 706 method, 554
Process signature, 412, 413 Pulse transfer functions, 379, 381, 385,
Programmability, 680–681 463–465
Programmable interconnects, 251–253 Pulse-width modulation (PWM), 554, 670,
Programmable I/O blocks, 251, 252 672
Programmable logic controllers (PLCs), Pulsing flow, 184–185
434, 683, 687–696 Punched cards, 699
data types for, 695 Punched tape, 699, 702
functions for, 694 Pure dependent source, 311
Pure gyrators, 308
function blocks for, 695
Pure transducers, 308, 310
IEC 61131 standard, 691, 696
interfaces in, 688–691 Pure transformers, 308, 309
Pure transmitters, 308
principles of operation for, 687–688
PWM, see Pulse-width modulation
programming of, 689–696
Programmable ROM (PROM), 249–250 PWM amplifiers, 569–572
Programming: Q
of NCs, 702–709
of PLCs, 689–696 Q-learning, 816, 820
PROM, see Programmable ROM Quadratic index, 411–412
Propagation-of-error equation, 11 Quadratures, 391
Propagation of error or uncertainty, 10–12 Quadrature optical encoders, 853–854
Proper rational functions, 325, 326 Quarter-decay criterion, 412
Proportional band, 399 Quarter-square multipliers, 494–496
Proportional control, 399–401 Questionnaires, 270
Proportional-derivative (PD) control, 404–
406, 408 R
Proportional gain, 399 Radial basis function (RBF), 794
Proportional-integral (PI) control, 403 Radiation error, 151
constant reference and disturbance
Radiation temperature detectors, 167, 168
inputs, 762
RAM, see Random-access memory
digital, 429–431 Ramp input, 487, 528–531
hydraulic implementation of, 407, 409 Random-access memory (RAM), 250, 849
op-amp implementation of, 406–408 Random deviation, 102
Proportional-integral-derivative (PID) Random errors, 10, 12–13
control, 404, 405 Random processes, 360, 362–363
constant reference and disturbance Random sampling, 9–10
inputs, 763 Range, 4
digital forms of, 425–427 Rare-earth magnets, 552, 553
op-amp implementation of, 406, 409 Rate action, 404
open-loop design for, 420–421 Rate-based flowmeters, 175
Simulink model of, 439, 440 Rate limiter, 439
Prototypes, 269 Rate-type systems, 543, 576