Page 204 - Plant design and economics for chemical engineers

178 PLANT DESIGN AND ECONOMICS FOR CHEMICAL ENGfNEERS

TABLE 14
Typical variation in percent of fixed-capital investment
for engineering and services
npicol
Component R-e, % value, %
En&=&s 1 s-&o 2.2
DrPfting 2.0-12.0 4.8
RUChWhIg 0.2-0.5 0.3
Accounting, construction. and cost
enId-* 0.2-1.0 0.3
Travel and living 0.1-1.0 0.3
Reproductions and communkations 0.2-0s 0.2
Total engineering and supewision
(including overhead) 4.0-21.0 8.1

plants the construction expenses average roughly 10 percent of the total direct
costs for the plant.

Contractor’s Fee
The contractor’s fee varies for different situations, but it can be estimated to be
about 2 to 8 percent of the direct plant cost or 1.5 to 6 percent of the
fixed-capital investment.

Contingencies
A contingency factor is usually included in an estimate of capital investment to
compensate for unpredictable events, such as storms, floods, strikes, price

TABLE 15
ljpical variation in percent of fixed-capital investment
for construction expenses
Typtd
Component Rants, 96 vrlw, %
Temporary construction and operations 1.0-3.0
Construction tools and rental 1.0-3.0
Home office personnel in field 0.2-2.0
Field payroll 0.4-4.0
Travel and living 0.1-0.8
Taxes and insurance 1.0-2.0
Startup materials and labor 0.2-1.0
overhead 0.3-0.8
Total consbuction expanses 4.2-16.6