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••• Cultural Analysis in Marxist Humanism •••

Stalin in 1931, and even the relatively orthodox Bukharin was tried and executed in 1938.
The eventual publication of the Grundrisse (Marx, 1858) in 1939–41 helped to show the cru-
cial link between Marx’s early work and his mature economic theory.
7 It is likely that the manuscript of this book was completed during the 1960s. The English
translation is a partial translation of the Hungarian text, which includes further sections
on reproduction, ideology, and alienation. An autobiography was discovered and pub-
lished after his death (Lukács, 1971b).
8 Useful discussions of the history of the Institute and the development of critical theory can
be found in Jay (1973) and Held (1980).
9 Similar ideas to Grossman’s were later set out in the United States by Paul Sweezy (1942).
10 A useful account of the development of Adorno’s work can be found in Buck-Morss (1977).
11 Adorno began to use the term ‘negative dialectics’ in the 1950s to describe this grasping of
contradictions. The position was fully articulated in his book of that title (Adorno, 1966).
12 Adorno first set out these ideas in a paper of 1938 (Adorno, 1938), subsequently develop-
ing it in the later part of Dialectic of Enlightenment.
13 In a later paper, Adorno notes that he introduced the term ‘culture industry’ in preference
to ‘mass culture’ precisely in order to emphasize that popular culture did not ‘arise spon-
taneously from the masses themselves’ (Adorno, 1964: 85).
14 When Fromm left the Institute, his plans for the publication of his book on the German
working class were abandoned. The book was published posthumously in 1980, and trans-
lated into English in 1984.
15 After his family secured his release from prison, he moved to the United States and lived
under the name Frank Fisher until he died in 1971.
16 A general statement of his ideas can be found in the posthumous volume on Cultural
Creation (Goldmann, 1970).
17 Bauman’s earlier ideas on culture can be found in his Culture as Praxis (Bauman, 1973).
18 I do not here consider the Marxist humanism of Dunayevskaya (1973), a Marxist who
moved to the United States in 1920 and worked as secretary to Trotsky. Although inspired
by Marx’s early manuscripts and Lenin’s philosophical notebooks, she is a humanist writer
in a different tradition from those considered in this chapter.

References

Adorno, T. (1937) ‘On jazz’, in T. Adorno, Essays on Music. R. Leppert (ed.). Berkeley, CA:
University of California Press.
Adorno, T. ([1938] 1991) ‘On the fetish character of music and the regression of listening’, in T.
Adorno, The Culture Industry, J. Bernstein (ed.). London: Routledge.
Adorno, T. ([1949] 1973) Philosophy of Modern Music. London: Sheed and Ward.
Adorno, T. ([nd., 1950s] 1991) ‘The schema of mass culture’, in T. Adorno, The Culture Industry,
J. Bernstein (ed.). London: Routledge.
Adorno, T. ([1951] 1974) Minima Moralia. London: New Left Books.
Adorno, T. ([1955] 1967) Prisms. New York: Spearman.
Adorno, T. ([1957] 1976) ‘Sociology and empirical research’, in T. Adorno et al. (eds) The
Positivist Dispute in German Sociology. London: Heinemann.
Adorno, T. ([1962a] 1976) An Introduction to the Sociology of Music. New York: Seabury Press.
Adorno, T. ([1962b] 1976) ‘On the logic of the social sciences’, in T. Adorno et al. (eds) The
Positivist Dispute in German Sociology. London: Heinemann.
Adorno, T. ([1964] 1991) ‘Culture industry reconsidered’, in T. Adorno, The Culture Industry. J.
Bernstein (ed.). London: Routledge.
Adorno, T. ([1966] 1973) Negative Dialectics. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Adorno, T. ([1968] 2000) Introduction to Sociology. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Adorno, T. (1984) Aesthetic Theory. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

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