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out the Olivetto kidnapping in an attempt to gain grew to nearly 200. Throughout 1968 and 1969, the
enough funds to regroup as an armed force. ALN brought guerrilla warfare into the cities with a
series of bombings, bank assaults, kidnappings, sabo-
See also LAUTARO YOUTH MOVEMENT; MOVEMENT OF THE
tage, ambushes, and assassinations. Ambassadors
REVOLUTIONARY LEFT
were kidnapped and security forces were murdered.
Further Reading The government struck back after each incident—
sometimes arresting thousands in citywide raids.
Ensalaco, Mark. Chile Under Pinochet: Recovering the Brazil’s rulers even created a Department of Social
Truth. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, and Political Order to handle this onslaught of urban
2000. terrorism. The violence had two outcomes: it created
U.S. State Department. “Appendix B: Background exactly the chaos that the terrorists wanted, but also it
Information on Terrorist Groups.” Patterns of Global
Terrorism—1998. http://www.state.gov. brought about their demise.
In June 1969, Marighella wrote his Minimanual of
the Urban Guerrilla. The ALN read it live over
Brazilian radio, and the document, published as a
MARIGHELLA, CARLOS (1911–1969)
book and translated into many languages, became a
popular discussion of and guide to urban warfare for
Carlos Marighella, one of South America’s most militant groups worldwide. The book explains the rea-
famous revolutionaries, founded and controlled the son and strategy for urban terrorism: “It is necessary
Acao Libertadora Nacional (Action for National to turn political crisis into armed crisis by performing
Liberation; ALN). His writings include essays on violent actions that will force those in power to trans-
revolutionary method and the Minimanual of the form the military situation into a political situation.
Urban Guerrilla (1969), a handbook for urban war- That will alienate the masses, who, from then on, will
fare that has influenced terrorists the world over since revolt against the army and the police and blame them
its publication. for this state of things.”
Son of Augustus and Marialva Marighella, a black On November 30, 1969, Marighella was killed in
Italian immigrant to Brazil, Carlos Marighella was a police ambush; the ALN subsequently collapsed.
born on December 5, 1911 in the Bahia state of eastern Within two years, much of the urban terrorism in
Brazil. At age 19 he joined the Brazilian Communist Brazil ceased, with most of the terrorists either dead
Party (PCB) as an organizer and activist. He spent or jailed.
most of the years during World War II in jail; when
released in 1952, he joined the Central Committee of Further Reading
the Communist Party; he traveled to China in 1953 and
Burton, Anthony. Urban Terrorism: Theory, Practice,
met with Mao Tse-tung.
Response. London: L. Cooper, 1975.
By 1963, Brazil had experienced a military coup Caine, Philip. Urban Guerrilla Warfare. Military Review,
and had become a totalitarian state. By 1965, two- February 1970.
thirds of Brazil’s population were living in cities—a Marighella, Carlos. Minimanual of the Urban Guerrilla.
major change for this vast nation. The populace had Chapel Hill, NC: Documentary Publications, 1985.
never embraced the military leaders—preferring a Moss, Robert. Urban Guerrilla Warfare. London: Inter-
traditional civilian government. Partly in response to national Institute for Strategic Studies, 1971.
the military dictatorship, a number of small urban
terrorist groups formed, composed of activists,
students, artists, and Communist dissenters. MARZOOK, MUSA (MOUSA)
The Communist Party had been forced under-
ground by the government; when Marighella began MOHAMMED ABU (1951– )
to disagree with the PCB, he was thrown out of the
party in August of 1967 and formed the ALN in 1968. Hamas political leader Musa Mohammed Abu
Many others, mostly radical intellectuals, left the Marzook lived in the United States for more than a
Communist Party with Marighella; these individuals decade until an Israeli warrant for his arrest led to
formed the core of the ALN, a group that eventually his being taken into custody in 1995. Amid much