Page 106 - Materials Chemistry, Second Edition

Life Cycle Evaluation for Alkaline Battery Waste Treatment 87

3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5 0
kg CO 2 eq –0.5
–1
–1.5
–2
–2.5
–3
–3.5
–4
–4.5
–5
Total
Potassium carbonate, at plant/GLO S Electricity, medium voltage, production IT, at grid/IT S
Zinc oxide, at plant/RER S Carbon black, at plant/GLO S
sulfuric acid, liquid, at plant/RER S Manganese oxide (Mn 2 O 3 ), at plant/CN S
Potassium hydroxide, at regional storage/RER S Tap water, at user/CH S
Zinc, primary, at regional storage/RER S Potassium sulfate, as K 2 O, at regional storehouse/RER S
Processi rimanenti
FIGURE 5.4 Equivalent CO 2 produced by each process step for the treatment of 1 kg of
alkaline batteries. Impact evaluation method CML 2000.
Figure 5.5 shows the potential impacts on all other categories taken into account
by the method CML 2000 (biotic and abiotic resources, greenhouse effect, ozone,
human toxicity, ecotoxicity, smog, acidification, eutrophication, etc.). Negative val-
ues refer to impacts avoided thanks to the recovery of materials. There are avoided
impacts in all categories.

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
% 10 0
20
–30
–40
–50
–60
–70
–80
–90
–100
Abiotic Acidification Eutrophication Global Ozone layer Human Fresh water Marine aquat Terrestrial Photochemic
depletion warming depletion toxicity aquatic ecot ic ecotoxicity ecotoxicity al oxidation
(GWP100
Alkaline batteries Zn/C Sulphuric acid, liquid, at plant/RER S
Potassium hydroxide, at regional storage/RER S Potassium carbonate, at plant/GLO S
Tap water, at user/CH S BP1
Electricity, medium voltage, production IT, at grid/IT S Potassium sulphate, as K2O, at regional storehouse/RERS
Zinc oxalate BP final
FIGURE 5.5 Potential impacts for all the categories for the treatment of 1 kg of alkaline
batteries according to the CML 2000 method.