Page 158 - Materials Chemistry, Second Edition
P. 158
Life Cycle Assessment of Wastewater Treatment
8 Fungal Treatment Fungal Treatment of Pharmaceuticals in Effluents
of Pharmaceuticals
in Effluents
Current State,
Perspectives, Limitations,
and Opportunities
Arash Jahandideh, Sara Mardani,
Rachel McDaniel, Bruce Bleakley, and
Gary Anderson
CONTENTS
8.1 Introduction: Background and Driving Forces ............................................. 140
8.2 Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Components in Effluents ...................... 141
8.2.1 Potential Sources of Pharmaceutical Pollutants in the Environment 141
8.2.2 Types of Pharmaceuticals That Can Be Degraded by Fungi ............ 143
8.3 Use of Fungi for Treatment of Pharmaceuticals in the Effluent ...................144
8.3.1 Introduction to Fungi ........................................................................144
8.3.2 Fungal Enzymes ................................................................................ 145
8.4 Modes of Action—Techniques Employed to Date ....................................... 147
8.4.1 Reactor Design for PhACs Removal from Wastewater via
Fungal Treatment ..............................................................................149
8.5 Advanced Techniques for Treatment of Pharmaceuticals in Effluents ..........150
8.6 Perspectives, Drawbacks, and Limitations .................................................... 152
8.7 Sustainability, Environmental Concerns, Risk Assessments, and Risk
Management .................................................................................................154
8.7.1 LCA Factors ......................................................................................154
8.7.2 Suggestions for Implementations of Successful LCA on Fungal
Treatment of Pharmaceuticals ..........................................................155
8.9 Conclusion ....................................................................................................156
References .............................................................................................................. 159
139
