Page 20 - Materials Chemistry, Second Edition

Life Cycle Assessment of Wastewater Treatment

1 Environmental and Environmental and Health Effects Due to the Usage of Wastewater

Health Effects Due to the

Usage of Wastewater

Ponnusamy Senthil Kumar and G. Janet Joshiba

CONTENTS
1.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................2
1.2 Sources of Water Pollution ...............................................................................4
1.3 Contaminants ....................................................................................................4
1.3.1 Toxic Heavy Metals ..............................................................................4
1.3.1.1 Lead .......................................................................................4
1.3.1.2 Mercury ..................................................................................5
1.3.1.3 Nickel .....................................................................................5
1.3.1.4 Cadmium ................................................................................5
1.3.1.5 Arsenic ...................................................................................6
1.3.1.6 Chromium ..............................................................................6
1.3.1.7 Zinc ........................................................................................6
1.3.1.8 Copper ....................................................................................6
1.3.1.9 Cobalt .....................................................................................7
1.3.1.10 Antimony ...............................................................................7
1.3.2 Dyes ......................................................................................................7
1.3.3 Microbial Contamination .....................................................................8
1.3.4 Agricultural Runoff ..............................................................................8
1.3.5 Endocrine Disrupting Compounds .......................................................9
1.4 Wastewater Characteristics ...............................................................................9
1.4.1 Physical Characteristics ........................................................................9
1.4.1.1 Color .......................................................................................9
1.4.1.2 Odor .......................................................................................9
1.4.1.3 Temperature .........................................................................10
1.4.1.4 Solids ....................................................................................10
1.4.2 Chemical Characteristics of Wastewater ............................................10
1.4.3 Biological Characteristics of Wastewater ........................................... 11
1.5 Impacts of Wastewater on Environment ......................................................... 11
1.5.1 Water Scarcity .....................................................................................12
1.5.2 Climatic Change .................................................................................12
1.5.3 Bioaccumulation .................................................................................13
1.5.4 Eutrophication.....................................................................................13

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