Page 36 - Hybrid Enhanced Oil Recovery Using Smart Waterflooding

28 Hybrid Enhanced Oil Recovery using Smart Waterflooding

(A) adsorbed polar
oil components of crude oil
oil

particle
rock grain fines with water
intertitial water

adsorption onto potentially mobile mobilized particle at oil-water
fines at low initial water saturation interface

transition towards mobilized mixed-wet
(B) increased water-wet fines

oil
oil
oil
water

oil oil

solid

mobilized water-wet fines
(C)

oil
dilute brine dilute brine
retained oil

solid
retained oil before injection of partial mobilization of residual oil
dilute brine through detachment of fines
FIG. 2.1 The schematic description of the fines migration mechanism: (A) adsorption of polar components of
crude oil to form mixed-wet fines; (B) partial stripping of mixed-wet fines from pore wall during waterflooding;
and (C) mobilization of trapped oil. (Credit: From Tang, G.-Q., & Morrow, N.R. (1999). Influence of brine
composition and fines migration on crude oil/brine/rock interactions and oil recovery. Journal of Petroleum
Science and Engineering, 24(2), 99e111. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0920-4105(99)00034-0.)
increase as a mechanism of LSWF through coreflooding explained that LSWF produces changes in reservoir fluid,
experiments. The study asserted that the observations of fluid/rock interactions, and wettability. In the coreflood
LSWF are similar to those of alkaline and surfactant system, LSWF potentially results in the generation of
floods, at least, in core-scaled experiments. It is OH from mineral reaction and the pH of the system