Page 8 - Advances in Eco-Fuels for a Sustainable Environment

Contents vii

6.7 Classification of anaerobic digestion system 168
6.8 Types of anaerobic digesters/reactors 169
6.9 Feedstock 171
6.10 Second-generation biofuel production from agricultural waste 172
6.11 Scientific and technological hurdles in solid-state anaerobic
digestion 176
6.12 Conclusion 179
References 180

7 Advances in bio-oil extraction from nonedible oil seeds and
algal biomass 187
G. Baskar, G. Kalavathy, R. Aiswarya, I. Abarnaebenezer Selvakumari
7.1 Introduction 187
7.2 Overview on downstream processing techniques 189
7.3 Extraction of oil from nonedible seeds 190
7.4 Extraction techniques 191
7.5 Purification and processing of nonedible oil 193
7.6 Extraction of oil from algal source 195
7.7 Physical extraction 199
7.8 Chemical extraction 201
7.9 Enzymatic oil extraction 203
7.10 Conclusions 203
References 204
Further reading 209

8 Prospects and technological advancement of cellulosic bioethanol
ecofuel production 211
Pobitra Halder, Kalam Azad, Shaheen Shah, Eity Sarker
8.1 Introduction 211
8.2 History of bioethanol production 213
8.3 Bioethanol feedstock resources 215
8.4 Progress in bioethanol technologies 217
8.5 Current state of global bioethanol activities 219
8.6 Challenges and future research direction 231
8.7 Conclusion 232
References 233
Further reading 236

9 Ecofuel conversion technology of inedible lipid feedstocks
to renewable fuel 237
Siti Zullaikah, Adi Tjipto Utomo, Medina Yasmin, Lu Ki Ong,
Yi Hsu Ju
9.1 Introduction 237
9.2 Inedible biodiesel feedstocks 239
9.3 Biodiesel conversion technology 245