Page 6 - Advances in Renewable Energies and Power Technologies

Contents

List of Contributors................................................................................. xv
Preface ................................................................................................ xix
Acknowledgment................................................................................... xxi
Introduction.........................................................................................xxiii

PART 1 PV ENERGY

CHAPTER 1 Solar Cells and Arrays: Principles, Analysis,
and Design ............................................................. 3
Abdelhalim Zekry, Ahmed Shaker, Marwa Salem
1. Introduction ......................................................................4
1.1 General Photovoltaic System ......................................... 4
1.2 The Solar Radiation ..................................................... 5
1.3 The Incident Solar Radiation “Insolation”........................ 6
2. Properties of Semiconductors for Solar Cells ..........................8
2.1 The Energy Gap E g and Intrinsic Concentration n i ............. 9
2.2 Doping and Conductivity of the Material ........................10
2.3 The Semiconductor Currents.........................................11
2.4 Recombination Mechanisms and Minority Carrier
Lifetime....................................................................12
2.5 Optical Properties .......................................................12
3. The Dark pen Junction Diode............................................ 15
3.1 Formation of a Field Region in a pen Junction................15
3.2 The Ideal Dark IeV Characteristics of the pen Diode.......16
3.3 Real Dark Diode Characteristics....................................18
4. The Solar Cells................................................................ 19
4.1 The PV Effect of a pen Solar Cell ................................20
4.2 The IeV Characteristics of the Solar Cell .......................21
4.3 The Conversion Efficiency of a Solar Cell.......................27
4.4 Measurement Results and Practical Considerations...........29
4.5 Manufacturing Solar Cells............................................34
4.6 Testing the Solar Cell and Solar Panels...........................34
5. The PV Arrays................................................................. 35
5.1 The IeV Characteristics of the Module...........................36
5.2 The IeV Characteristics of Mismatched Cells in the
Module .....................................................................38
5.3 Formation of Hot Spots................................................39
5.4 Measurement Data and Practical Considerations...............41
5.5 The Solar Cell Array...................................................42

v