Page 13 - Aerodynamics for Engineering Students

x Contents

7.7.6 Drag coefficient for a flat plate with wholly turbulent
boundary layer 42 1
7.7.7 Conditions at transition 422
7.7.8 Mixed boundary layer flow on a flat plate with zero
pressure gradient 423
7.8 Additional examples of the application of the momentum
integral equation 428
7.9 Laminar-turbulent transition 43 1
7.10 The physics of turbulent boundary layers 437
7.10.1 Reynolds averaging and turbulent stress 438
7.10.2 Boundary-layer equations for turbulent flows 440
7.10.3 Eddy viscosity 440
7.10.4 Prandtl's mixing-length theory of turbulence 443
7.10.5 Regimes of turbulent wall flow 444
7.10.6 Formulae for local skin-friction coefficient and drag 447
7.10.7 Distribution of Reynolds stresses and turbulent
kinetic energy across the boundary layer 448
7.10.8 Turbulence structure in the near-wall region 449
7.11 Computational methods 455
7.11.1 Methods based on the momentum integral equation 455
7.11.2 Transition prediction 458
7.1 1.3 Computational solution of the laminar boundary-layer
equations 459
7.11.4 Computational solution of turbulent boundary layers 463
7.1 1.5 Zero-equation methods 464
7.1 1.6 The k--E method - A typical two-equation method 465
7.1 1.7 Large-eddy simulation 467
7.12 Estimation of profile drag from velocity profile in wake 468
7.12.1 The momentum integral expression for the drag
of a two-dimensional body 469
7.12.2 B.M. Jones' wake traverse method for determining
profile drag 470
7.12.3 Growth rate of two-dimensional wake, using
the general momentum integral equation 47 1
7.13 Some boundary-layer effects in supersonic flow 473
7.13.1 Near-normal shock interaction with laminar
boundary layer 474
7.13.2 Near-normal shock interaction with turbulent boundary layer 477
7.13.3 Shock-wave/boundary-layer interaction
in supersonic flow 477
Exercises 482
8 Flow control and wing design 485
Preamble 485
8.1 Introduction 48 5
8.2 Maximizing lift for single-element aerofoils 486
8.3 Multi-element aerofoils 492
8.3.1 The slat effect 495
8.3.2 The vane effect 496
8.3.3 Off-the-surface recovery 496
8.3.4 Fresh boundary-layer effect 498