Page 7 - Applied Process Design For Chemical And Petrochemical Plants Volume II

Part 3 9. Packed Towers .... .... ............... , ............. 230
Mechanical Designs
for Tray Performance ........................................ 122 Shell, 234; Random Packing, 234; Packing Supports, 236;
Liquid Distribution, 246; Redistributors, 269; Packing
Contacting Trays, 122; Tray Types and Distinguishing Installation, 270; Stacked, 270; Dumped, 270; Packing Se-
Application Features, 122; Bubble Cap Thy Design, 124; lection and Performance, 272; Guidelines: Trays vs. Pack-
Tray Layouts, 130; Flow Paths, 130; Liquid Distribution: ings, 272; Minimum Liquid Wetting Rates, 281; Loading
Feed, Side Streams, Reflux, 131; Liquid Bypass Baffles, Point-Loading Region, 282; Flooding Point, 288; Foam-
135; Liquid Drainage or Weep Holes, 154; Bottom Tray ing Liquid Systems, 288; Surface Tension Effects, 289;
Seal Pan, 154; Turndown Ratio, 155; Bubble Caps, 155; Paeking Factors, 290; Recommendd Design Capacity and
Slots, 156; Shroud Ring, 156; Tray Performance - Bubble Pressure Drop, 292; Pressure Drop Design Criteria and
Caps, 158; Tray Capacity Related to Vapor-Liquid Loads, Guide: Random Packings Only, 293; Proprietary Random
156; Tray Balance, Flexibility, and Stability, 157; Flooding, Packing Design Guides, 301; Example 9-1: Hydrocarbon
157; Pulsing, 157; Blowing, 158; Coning, 158, Entrainment, Stripper Design, 302; Dumped Padcing: &liquid System
158; Overdesign, 158; Total Tray Pressure Drop, 158; Liq- Below Loading, 310; Loading and Flooding Regions, 310;
uid Height Over Outlet Weir, 158; Slot Opening, 158; Riser Pressure Drop at Flooding, 31 1; Pressure Drop Below and
and Reversal Drop, 166; Total Pressure Drop Through at Flood Point, Liquid Continuous Range, 311; Pressure
Tray, 167; Downcomer Pressure Drop, 167; Liquid Height Drop Across Packing Supports and Redistribution Plates,
in Downcomer, 168; Downcomer Seal, 168; Tray Spacing, 312; Example 9-2 Evaluation of Tower Condition and Pres-
168; Residence Time in Downcomers, 169; Liquid Entrain- sure Drop, 313; Example 9-3 Alternate Evaluation of
ment from Bubble Cap Trays, 169; Free Height in Down- Tower Condition and Pressure Drop, 31% Example 94
comer, 170; Slot Seal, 170; Inlet Weir, 170; Bottom Tray Change of Performance with Change in Packing in Exist-
Seal Pan, 170; Throw Over Outlet Segmental Weir, 170; ing Tower, 315; Example 9-3: Stacked Packing Pressure
Vapor Distribution, 171; Bubble Cap Tray Design and Eval- Drop, 316; Liquid Hold-Up, 317; Corrections Factors for
uation, 171; Example 8-36: Bubble Cap Tray Design, 171; Liquid Other Than Water, 318; Packed Wetted Area, 320;
Sieve Trays with Downcorners, 174; Tower Diameter, 176; Effective Interfacial Area, 320; Entrainment from Packing
Tray Spacing, 177; Downcomer, 177; Hole Size and Spac- Surface, 320; Example 9-6: Operation at Low Rate, Liquid
ing, 178; Tray Hydraulics, 179; Height of Liquid Over Out- Hold-Up, 320; Simctmed packing, 329; Example 9-7
let Weir, 179; Hydraulic Gradient, 179; Dry Tray Pressure Koch-Sulzer Packing Tower Sizing, 326; Example 98:
Drop, 180; Fair’s Method, 181; Static Liquid Seal on Tray, Heavy Gas-oil Fractionation of a Crude Tower Using
or Submergence, 181; Dynamic Liquid Seal, 182; Total Wet Glitsch’s Ckmpak, 331; Technical Performance Features,
Tray Pressure Drop, 182; Pressure Drop Through Down- 337; Guidelines for Structured Packings, 342; Structured
comer, 183; Free Height in Downcomer, 183; Minimum Packing Scale-up, 342; Mass and Heat Tkansfer m Packed
Vapor Velocity: Weep Point, 183; Entrainment Flooding, Towers, 343; Number of Transfer Units, 343; Example 9-9:
187; Example 837 Sieve Tray Splitter Design for Entrain- Number of Transfer Units for Dilute Solutions, 346; Exam-
ment Flooding Using Fair’s Method, 191; -Maximum Hole ple 9-10 Use of Colburn’s Chart for Transfer Units, 348;
Velocity: Flooding, 193; Design Hole Velocity, 193; TraySta- Example 9-1 1: Number Transfer Units-Concentrated
bility, 193; Vapor crossFlav Channeling on Sieve Trays, Solutions, 348; Gas and Liquid-Phase Coefficients, 349;
194; Tray Layout, 19% Example 8-38 Sieve Tray Design Height of a Transfer Unit, 350; Example 412: Design of
(Perforated) with Downcomer, 195; Example &39 Tower Ammonia Absorption Tower, 352; hiass Rrmsfer with
Diameter Following Fair’s Recommendation, 199; Perfo- chemical Reaction, 361; Carbon Dioxide or Sulfur Diox-
rated Plates Without Downcorners, 202; Diameter, 203; ide in Alkaline Solutions, 361; Example 9-13: Design a
Capacity, 203; Pressure Drop, 203; Dry Pressure Drop, 203; Packed Tower Using Caustic to Remove Carbon Dioxide
Effective Head, 203; Total Wet Tray Pressure Drop, 203; from Vent Stream, 364; NH-Air-HO System, 367; SO-HO
Hole Size, Spacing, Percent Open Area, 203; Tray Spacing, System (Dilute Gas), 368; Air-Water System, 369; Hydre
204; Entrainment, 204; Dump Point, Plate Activation gen Chloridewater System, 369; Witillation in Packed
Point, or Load Point, 204, Efficiency, 204, Flood Point, Towers, 370; Height Equivalent to a Theoretical Plate
205; Tray Designs and Layout, 205; Example &u): Design (HETP), 370; HETP Guidelines, 375; Transfer Unit, 376;
of Perforated Trays Without Downcomers, 206; Propri- Example 414 Transfer Units in Distillation, 377; Cooling
etary Valve Trays Design and Selection, 207; Example 841: Water with Air, 379; Atmospheric, 380; Natural Drafrs, 380;
Procedure for Calculating Valve Tray Pressure Drop, 210; Forced Draft, 380; Induced Draft, 380; General Construc-
Proprietary Designs, 211; Baffle Tray Columns, 213; Exam- tion, 380, Cooling Tower Terminology, 381; Specifications,
ple 842: Mass Transfer Efficiency Calculation for Baffle 383; Performance, 387; Ground Area v8. Height, 391; Pres
Tray Column, 215; Tower Specifications, 215; Mechanical sure Losses, 393; Fan Horsepower for Mechanical Draft
Problems in Tray Distillation Columns, 220; Troubleshoot- Tower, 392; Water Rates and Distribution, 393; Blow-Down
ing Distillation Columns, 221; Nomenclature for Part 3, and Continuation Build-Up, 394; Example 9-15 Determin-
221; References, 223; Bibliography, 226 ing Approximate BlowDown for Cooling Tower, 395; Pre-

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