Page 7 - Applied Process Design for Chemical and Petrochemical Plants Volume I

215; Significant Features in Reciprocating Pump Arrange- Ejector System Specifications, 373; Ejector Selection Proce-
ments, 215; Performance, 217; Discharge Flow Patterns, 218; dure, 374; Barometric Condensers, 375; Temperature
Horsepower, 218; Pump Selection, 221. Approach, 375; Example 6-12: Temperatures at Barometric
Condenser on Ejector System, 376; Water Jet Ejectors, 378;
4. Mechanical Separations ............................................ 224 Steam Jet Thermocompressors, 378; Ejector Control, 378;
Time Required for System Evacuation, 380; Alternate Pump-
Particle Size, 224; Preliminary Separator Selection, 224; Exam- down to a Vacuum Using a Mechanical Pump. 380; Example
ple 41: Basic Separator Type Selection, 225; Guide to Liquid- 6-13: Determine Pump Downtime for a System, 380; Evacua-
Solid Particle Separators, 228; Gravity Settlers, 228; Example tion with Steam Jets, 381; Example 6-14 Evacuation of Vessel
42: Hindered Settling Velocities, 236; MI-Oil Field Separa- Using Steam Jet for Pumping Gases, 381; Evacuating-Selec-
tors, 239; Liquid/Liquid, Liquid/Solid Gravity Separations, tion Procedure, 381; Evacuating-Example, 381; Mechanical
Decanters, and Sedimentation Equipment, 239; Modified Vacuum Pumps, 382; Liquid Ring Vacuum Pumps/Compres-
Method of Happel and Jordan, 241; Example 43: Horizontal sor, 383; Rotary Vane Vacuum Pumps, 394; Rotary Blowers or
Gravity Settlers, 241; Decanter, 242; Example 44: Decanter, Rotary Lobe-Type Blowers, 395; Rotary Piston Pumps, 397.
245; Impingement Separators, 246; Example 45: Wire Mesh
Entrainment Separator, 252; Fiber Beds/Pads Impingement 7. Process Safety and Pressure-Relieving
Eliminators, 254; Centrifugal Separators, 259; Example 46: Devices .......................................................................... 399
Cyclone System Pressure Drop, 263; Scrubbers, 269; Cloth or
Fabric Separators or Filters, 270; Specifications. 271; Electrical Types of Positive Pressure Relieving Devices, 400; Pressure
Precipitators, 280. Relief Valve, 400; Pilot Operated Safety Valves, 400; Types of
Valves, 400; Definition of Pressure-Relief Terms, 403; Example
5. Mixing of Liquids ......................................................... 288 7-1: Hypothetical Vessel Design, 406; Materials of Construc-
tion, 412; General Code Requirements, 415; Relief Mecha-
Mechanical Components, 289; Impellers, 291; Mixing Con- nisms, 417; Pressure Settings and Design Basis, 420; Establish-
cepts, Theory, Fundamentals, 297; Flow, 298; Flow Number,
ing Relieving or Set Pressures, 425; Safety and Safety Relief
298; Power, P; Power Number, Po; and Reynolds Number, N,, Valves for Steam Services, 426; Selection and Application, 427;
299; Power, 299; Shaft, 306; Drive and Gears, 306; Steady Bear-
ings, 307; Materials of Construction, 307; Design, 307; Specifi- Causes of System Overpressure, 427; Capacity Requirements
Evaluation for Process Operation (Non-Fire) ,427; Installation,
cations, 308; Flow Patterns, 309; Draft Tubes, 309; Entrain- 429; Selection Features: Safety, Safety-Relief Valves, and Rup-
ment, 309; Scale-up and Interpretation, 312; Impeller ture Disks, 434; Calculations of Relieving Areas: Safety and
Location and Spacing: Top Center Entering, 322; Process Relief Valves, 436; Standard Pressure Relief Valves Relief Area
Results, 323; Blending, 324; Emulsions, 324; Extraction, 324; Discharge Openings, 437; Sizing Safety Relief Type Devices for
Gas-Liquid Contacting, 324; Gas-Liquid Mixing or Dispersion, Required Flow Area at Time of Relief, 437; Effect of Two-Phase
325; Heat Transfer: Coils in Tank, Liquid Agitated, 325; In- Vapor-Liquid Mixture on Relief Valve Capacity, 437; Sizing for
line, Static or Motionless Mixing, 333; Applications, 336.
Gases or Vapors or Liquids for Conventional Valves with Con-
stant Backpressure Only, 438; Example 7-2: Flow through
6. Ejectors and Mechanical Vacuum
Systems ......................................................................... 343 Sharp Edged Vent Orifice, 440; Orifice Area Calculations, 440;
Emergency Pressure Relief: Fires and Explosions Rupture
Ejectors, 343; Typical Range Performance of Vacuum Produc- Disks, 450; External Fires, 450; Set Pressures for External Fires,
ers, 344; Features, 345; Types, 346; Materials of Construction, 451; Rupture Disk Sizing Design and Specification, 455; Spec-
347; Vacuum Range Guide, 348; Pressure Terminology. 348; ifications to Manufacturer, 455; Size Selection, 455; Calcula-
Example 6-1: Conversion of Inches Vacuum to Absolute, 350; tion of Relieving Areas: Rupture Disks for Non-Explosive Ser-
Pressure Drop at Low Absolute Pressures, 353; Performance vice, 455; The Manufacturing Range (MR), 456; Selection of
Factors, 353; Steam Pressure. 353; Effect of Wet Steam, 356; Burst Pressure for Disk, Pb, 456; Example 7-3: Rupture Disk
Effect of Superheated Steam, 358; Suction Pressure, 358; Dis- Selection, 457; Effects of Temperature on Disk, 458; Rupture
charge Pressure, 358; Capacity, 358; Types of Loads, 359; Air Disk Assembly Pressure Drop, 459; Example 7-4: Safety Relief
Plus Water Vapor Mixtures, 359; Example 6-2: 70°F Air Equiv- Valve for Process Overpressure, 463; Example 7-5: Rupture
alent for Air-Water Vapor Mixture, 360; Example 6-3: Actual Disk External Fire Condition, 463; Example 7-6: Rupture Disk
Air Capacit). for Air-Water Vapor Mixture, 361; Steam and Air for Vapors or Gases; Non-Fire Condition, 465; Example 7-7:
Mixture Temperature, 361; Total Weight of a Saturated Mix- Liquids Rupture Disk, 466; Example 7-8: Liquid Overpressure,
ture of Two Vapors: One Being Condensable, 362; Non-Con- 466; Pressure-Vacuum Relief for Low Pressure Storage Tanks,
densables Plus Process Vapor Mixture, 362; Example 6-5: Actu- 466; Basic Venting for Low Pressure Storage Vessels, 466; Non-
al Capacity for Process Vapor Plus Non-Condensable, 362; refrigerated Above Ground Tanks; MI-Std. 2000, 468; Exam-
Non-Condensables Plus Water Vapor Mixture, 363; Example ple 7-9: Converting Valve Capacities, 470; Example 7-10: Con-
6-6: Use of Water Vapor-Air Mixture, 363; Total Volume of a verting Required Free Air Capacity, 474; Example 7-11: Storing
Mixture, 363; Example 6-8: Saturated Water Vapor-Air Mix- Benzene in Cone Roof Tank, 474; Emergency Vent Equip-
ture, 363; Air Inleakage into System, 366; Example 6-9: Ejector ment, 478; Refrigerated Above Ground and Below Ground
Load For Steam Surface Condenser, 367; Total Capacity at Tanks, 478; Example 7-12: Venting and Breathing in Oil Stor-
Ejector Suction, 369; Capacities of Ejector in Multistage Sys- age Tank, 480; Flame Arrestors, 480; Explosions, 482; Con-
tem, 370; Booster Ejector, 370; Evacuation Ejector, 370; Load fined Explosions, 482; Flammability, 484; Mixtures of Flamma-
Variation, 370; Steam and Water Requirements, 371; Example ble Gases, 486; Example 7-13: Calculation of LEL for
6-10: Size Selection: Utilities and Evacuation Time for Single- Flammable Mixture, 491; Pressure and Temperature Effects,
Stage Ejector, 371; Example 6-11: Size Selection and Utilities 491; Ignition of Flammable Mixtures, 493; Aqueous Solutions
for Two-Stage Ejector with Barometric Intercondenser, 372; of Flammable Liquids, 496; Blast Pressures, 496; Example 7-14:

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