Page 213 - Artificial Intelligence for the Internet of Everything

196 Artificial Intelligence for the Internet of Everything

sentiments, and argumentation for tailoring search results for a given user
with certain preferences of entity A versus entity B. The far right grayed side
of the column in the table has opposite flags for the second and third row.
For the fourth row, only the cases with generally accepted opinion-sharing
merits are flagged to be shown.
In a product recommendation domain, texts with positive sentiments are
used to encourage a potential buyer to make a purchase. In a domain such as
politics, the logical structure of sentiment vs. argument vs. agency is much
more complex.
We build an RST representation of the arguments and observe if a DT is
capable of indicating whether a paragraph communicates both a claim and
possesses argumentation that backs it up. We will then explore what needs to
be added to a DT so that it is possible to judge if it expresses an argumen-
tation pattern or not.
This is the beginning of Theranos’ story, according to Carreyrou (2016):
Since October [2015], the Wall Street Journal has published a series of anony-
mously sourced accusations that inaccurately portray Theranos. Now, in its latest
story (“U.S. Probes Theranos Complaints,” Dec. 20), the Journal once again is relying
on anonymous sources, this time reporting two undisclosed and unconfirmed
complaints that allegedly were filed with the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid
Services (CMS) and U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Fig. 11.3A shows the communicative discourse tree (CDT) for the follow-
ing paragraph (Carreyrou, 2016):
But Theranos has struggled behind the scenes to turn the excitement over its tech-
nology into reality. At the end of 2014, the lab instrument developed as the linchpin
of its strategy, handled just a small fraction of the tests then sold to consumers,
according to four former employees.
Please notice the labels for communicative actions are attached to the edges
of DTs (on the left and in the middle-bottom).
In the following paragraph Theranos attempts to rebuke the claim of
WSJ, but without communicative actions it is unclear from the DT (see
Fig. 11.3B):
Theranos remains actively engaged with its regulators, including CMS and the FDA,
and no one, including the Wall Street Journal, has provided Theranos a copy of the
alleged complaints to those agencies. Because Theranos has not seen these alleged
complaints, it has no basis on which to evaluate the purported complaints.