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102 AUTOMATED FINGERPRINT IDENTIFICATION SYSTEMS

history that showed not only past misdeeds but also outstanding warrants only
after the subject had been released following arraignment.

5.2.2 CURRENT PRACTICES
The advent of scanning has introduced a new set of variables into the identifi-
cation process. In addition to the information contained on the physical fin-
gerprint card, information is extracted from or added to the record through
electronic processing. Card scanning and livescan are the primary scanning
techniques.

5.2.2.1 Card Scanning
In card scanning, the information on the fingerprint card is converted into
electronic media and can be transmitted over communication lines to AFIS
using an FBI-certified scanner. This produces a high-quality image similar to
that obtained from a high-end fax or copy machine. Although card scan images
are clearer than the fax machine images they replaced, they may not contain
the clarity and definition of livescan images or inked tenprint cards. Still, card
scanning is a relatively inexpensive method for transmitting the finger images
contained in the 14 image boxes on the card.
The arrest and pedigree information may come from another source, such
as the OLBS. Care must be taken to ensure that the OLBS information matches
the images transmitted, and that the card scan device is properly maintained.
As with every device, proper training is required for optimum results.
Because the accurate capture and transmission of images is critical to the
identification process, the FBI has developed an Image Quality Specification
(IQS) for card scanners as well as livescan devices, fingerprint card printers,
and other integrated products. To communicate with the FBI, agencies must
use a device that has met their specifications and that appears on the FBI’s list
of certified products. 2

5.2.2.2 Livescan
Livescan is rapidly replacing inked tenprint cards as the preferred input device.
Livescan stations are available from each of the major AFIS vendors, as well as
directly from manufacturers who will integrate the livescan units into the AFIS
systems. The livescan device pictured in Figure 5.8 is typical of the devices on
the market.

2 See http://www.fbi.gov/hq/cjisd/iafis/cert.htm.