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20 AUTOMATED FINGERPRINT IDENTIFICATION SYSTEMS

the identification process. Before the semi-automated systems were the manual
identification systems, with cards filed by fingerprint classification and trans-
mitted by mail. To appreciate the current state of identification systems, an
understanding of what was required to get here is essential. This knowledge, in
turn, will help with making better decisions for the future.

1.11 WHO THIS BOOK IS INTENDED FOR
This book is intended for a large audience, including criminal justice practi-
tioners and those who want to know more about AFIS technology. Policy makers
may find this book of value for information such as the implication of adopt-
ing some policies over others, as well as varied uses of AFIS systems. There are
always trade-offs in decision making; there are always opportunity costs. If there
were a limitless amount of resources and an infinite amount of time in which
to make an identification, virtually any process would suffice. Resources in per-
sonnel and capital, however, are not limitless. Likewise, a suspect cannot be
held indefinitely awaiting the rap sheet from the state.
Decisions are being made today on who will be fingerprinted and for what
purpose. Some favor fingerprinting a large number of individuals, but not cap-
turing all ten images. Others favor fingerprinting a more select group, but cap-
turing all ten rolled images, i.e., images of the finger that extend from one edge
of the nail to the other (see Fig. 1.3). Considerations include the time involved,
the resource requirements, and the purpose of collecting and searching these
images. This book addresses some of these issues and provides policy makers
with options for consideration.
There are major questions in any new action, including “What is the
purpose?” and “Is this the best approach?” Decisions made without an under-

Figure 1.3
Nail-to-Nail Roll