Page 252 - Battleground The Media Volume 1 and 2

Med a and Electoral Campa gns | 1

summary
In the areas of media content, social influence, government control, business
interests, and artistic merit, the ongoing tension between individual expression
and initiative versus the interests of society at large will continue to pose impor-
tant questions about human values.

see also Bias and Objectivity; Children and Effects; Conglomeration and
Media Monopolies; Cultural Imperialism and Hybridity; Global Community
Media; Government Censorship and Freedom of Speech; Hypercommer-
cialism; Media Literacy; Obscenity and Indecency; Pornography; Ratings;
Regulating the Airwaves; Runaway Productions and the Globalization of
Hollywood; Sensationalism, Fear Mongering, and Tabloid Media; Violence
and Media.

Further reading: Bagdikian, Ben H. The Media Monopoly, 3rd ed. Boston: Beacon Press,
1990; Bandura, A. Psychological Modeling: Conflicting Theories. Chicago: Aldine Ather-
ton, 1971; Bittner, J. R. Law and the Regulation of Electronic Media. Englewood Cliffs,
NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1994; Carey, James W. Communication as Culture: Essays on Media
and Society. Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1990; Curran, James, and Michael Gurevitch, eds.
Mass Media and Society, 2nd ed. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1996; Day, L. A. Ethics in
Media Communications: Cases and Controversies. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1997; Fal-
lows, James. Breaking the News: How the Media Undermine American Democracy. New
York: Pantheon, 1996; Foerstel, N. H. Free Expression and Censorship in America. Engle-
wood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1997; Halberstam, David. The Powers That Be. Urbana:
University of Illinois Press, 2000; Jamieson, Kathleen Hall. Dirty Politics: Deception, Dis-
traction, and Democracy. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992; Klapper, J. T. The
Effects of Mass Communication. New York: The Free Press, 1960; Lazarsfeld, Paul F.,
B. Berelson, and H. Gaudet. The People’s Choice. New York: Columbia University Press,
1944; Lee, Martin A., and Norman Solomon. Unreliable Sources: A Guide to Detecting
Bias in News Media. New York: Carol Publishing Group, 1992; McChesney, Robert W.
Corporate Media and the Threat to Democracy. New York: Seven Stories Press, 1997;
Medved, Michael. Hollywood vs. America. New York: HarperCollins, 1992; Newcomb,
Howard, ed. Television: The Critical View. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994;
Signorielli, N., and M. Morgan, eds. Cultivation Analysis: New Directions in Media
Effects Research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1990; Tuchman, G. Making the
News: A Study in the Construction of Reality. New York: Free Press, 1978; Watkins, J. J.
The Mass Media and the Law. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1990.
Michael V. Tueth, S. J.

Media and eleCtoral CaMPaigns
The development of mass media in the twentieth century transformed the
way political candidates run for public office, and in doing so changed forever
the American electoral process. Political campaigns use media to reach vast
numbers of voters, and candidates hire cadres of media professionals to produce
slick advertisements and formulate compelling sound bites at costs that escalate
with every presidential campaign. As American democracy continues to adapt
to ever more sophisticated media marketing strategies, visual and rhetorical