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looking at animals, might be looking at old friends or ancestors. In the East the
wilderness has no evil connotation; it is thought of as an expression of the unity
and harmony of the universe. • William O. Douglas (1898–1980)

and the substantial presence of women in institutional- Creel, L. G. (1970). What is Taoism? and other studies in Chinese cultural
ized practice have also made it appealing to certain history. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Dean, K. (1993). Taoist ritual and popular cults of South-East Asia. Prince-
strands of feminism, which see in the interdependence of ton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
yin and yang a less divisive way to conceptualize gender. Kirkland, R. (1997). The historical contours of Taoism in China:
Thoughts on issues of classification and terminology. Journal of Chi-
Daoism has also attracted attention at the popular level,
nese Religions, 25, 57–82.
its prescription for a simplified life appealing to those Kohn, K., & Roth, H. D. (2002). Daoist identity: History, lineage, and
who seek to lessen the effects of technological depen- ritual. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Lau, D. C. (Trans.). (1963). Lao Tzu: Tao Te Ching. New York: Penguin
dence. For example, feng shui is used as a means to har- Books.
monize urban living with the energies of nature. Lin,T. (1995). Chinese philosophy: A philosophical essay on the “state-
of-the-art.” The Journal of Asian Studies, 54(3), 717–758.
Maspero, H. (1981). Taoism and Chinese religion. Amherst: University of
Daoism Today Massachusetts Press.
With over eighty-six sects worldwide, Daoism is one of Moore, N., & Lower, L. (Eds.). (1992). Translation East and West:A cross-
cultural approach. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
five sanctioned religions in the People’s Republic of Olstone-Moore, J. (2003). Taoism: Origins, beliefs, practices, holy texts,
China—the others being Buddhism, Islam, Protes- sacred places. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Park, O. (1974). Oriental ideas in recent religious thought. Lakemont, GA:
tantism, and Catholicism. However, its relationship with
CSA Press.
the government is uncertain at best, since only two sects Reid, D. (1989). The Tao of health, sex, and longevity: A Modern practi-
are officially recognized: the school of Complete Perfec- cal approach to the ancient Way. London: Simon & Schuster.
Tucker, M. E., & Grim, J.A. (Eds.). (1994). Worldviews and ecology: Reli-
tion and that of the Celestial Masters. Although the gion, philosophy, and the environment. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis.
greatest number of Daoists live in China, Taiwan is the Watson, B. (Trans.). (1968). The complete works of Chuang Tzu. New
York: Columbia University Press.
center of official modern Daoism and has been since
Wong, E. (Trans.). (1995). Feng-Shui: The ancient wisdom of harmonious
1949, when the sixty-third Celestial Master, Zhang En living for modern times. Boston: Shambhala.
Pu, took refuge there. With millions of adherents prac-
ticing taijiquan, visiting Daoist temples, and studying
Daoist healing methods both on Taiwan and on the
mainland, the ultimate influence of Daoism in modern Darwin, Charles
Chinese culture is unmistakable. (1809–1882)
English naturalist
Maritere Lopez
See also Lao Tzu harles Robert Darwin was born in Shrewsbury,
CEngland, on 12 February 1809, the son of Robert
Further Reading Darwin, physician, and Susannah Wedgwood Darwin, of
Allinson, R. E. (Ed.). (1989). Understanding the Chinese mind:The philo- the Wedgwood pottery dynasty. Charles started work on
sophical roots. Hong Kong, China: Oxford University Press. a medical degree at Edinburgh University, but, repelled
Beck, S. (1996). Dao de jing way power book, by Lao-zi. Retrieved July
29, 2004, from http://www.san.beck.org/Laotzu.html by the sight of surgery performed without anesthetics, did
Bell, C. (1983). In search of the Tao in Taoism: New questions of unity not finish his studies. He went later to Cambridge Uni-
and multiplicity. History of Religions, 33(2), 187–201.
Bloom, I., & Fogel, J.A. (Eds.). (1997). Meeting of minds: Intellectual and versity in preparation for becoming a clergyman in the
religious interaction in East Asian traditions of thought. New York: Church of England.
Columbia University Press. In 1831 he took the post of “naturalist” aboard the
Cahill, S. (1990). Practice makes perfect: Paths to transcendence for
women in medieval China. Taoist Resources, 2(2), 23–42. H.M.S. Beagle on its surveying voyage to South America,
Clarke, J. J. (2000). The Tao of the West:Western transformations of Taoist and the Pacific and Indian Oceans, under the com-
thought. London: Routledge.
Cleary, T. (Ed. and Trans.). (1989). Immortal sisters: Secrets of Taoist mand of Captain (later Admiral) Robert Fitzroy (1805–
women. Boston: Shambhala. 1865). On his return Darwin published an account of