Page 172 - Berkshire Encyclopedia Of World History Vol Two

diasporas 521

Article IV
Subject to the provisions of this Interim Agreement, president of the United States, marked the end of détente.
modernization and replacement of strategic offensive Détente was revived as a policy late in the 1980s as
ballistic missiles and launchers covered by this Mikhail Gorbachev of the USSR, along with his coun-
Interim Agreement may be undertaken. terparts in the White House, Ronald Reagan and George
H. Bush, sought to end the Cold War. By that point the
Article V
term détente was seldom used publicly by any of these
1. For the purpose of providing assurance of com-
leaders, since it was so strongly associated with Nixon,
pliance with the provisions of this Interim Agreement,
Kissinger, and the 1970s.
each Party shall use national technical means of ver-
Détente has gone from being a technical term used by
ification at its disposal in a manner consistent with
diplomats to a term associated with a contentious phase
generally recognized principles of international law.
of the ColdWar.Although seldom heard in public debate
2. Each Party undertakes not to interfere with the any longer because of its controversial past, détente in fact
national technical means of verification of the other forms a crucial component of international diplomacy.
Party operating in accordance with paragraph 1 of
Paul W. Doerr
this Article.
3. Each Party undertakes not to use deliberate con- See also Cold War
cealment measures which impede verification by
national technical means of compliance with the pro-
Further Reading
visions of this Interim Agreement. This obligation
Andrew, C. (1968). Théophile Delcassé and the making of the Entente Cor-
shall not require changes in current construction,
diale: A reappraisal of French foreign policy 1898–1905. London:
assembly, conversion, or overhaul practices. Macmillan.
Bell, C. (1977). The diplomacy of détente. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
Bell, P. (2001). The world since 1945: An international history. London:
Arnold.
Dunbabin, J. (1994). The Cold War:The great powers and their allies. Lon-
don: Longman.
Judge, E., & Langdon, J. (1996). A hard and bitter peace:A global history
of the Cold War. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
respect human rights in exchange for Western recognition Kissinger, H. (1979). White House years. Boston: Little, Brown.
Kissinger, H. (1982). Years of upheaval. Boston: Little, Brown.
of post-1945 territorial boundaries in Eastern Europe.
Kissinger, H. (1994). Diplomacy. New York: Simon and Schuster.
However détente was already under attack from hard- Reynolds, D. (2000). One world divisible: A global history since 1945.
liners in the United States who refused to trust the Sovi- New York: Norton.
Rolo, P. (1969). Entente Cordiale:The origins and negotiation of the Anglo-
ets.They believed that the Soviets were only using détente French agreements of 8 April 1904. London: Macmillan.
to lull the West into a false sense of security while con-
tinuing to seek advantages wherever and whenever they
could. Critics of détente in the United States pointed to
perceived Soviet gains in Africa and continued Soviet
human rights violations. The Soviets charged that the Diasporas
United States was trying to shut them out of the Middle
Eastern peace process. The presidency of Jimmy Carter, abeling a minority population as a diaspora points to
who held office from 1976 to 1980, saw the deteriora- Lits origins and its ongoing connections to a far-off
tion of détente, despite the conclusion of SALT II in homeland. It suggests that members of the group remain
1979. The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, fol- apart in significant ways from the people among whom
lowed the next year by the election of Ronald Reagan as they live. Popular and scholarly use of the term diaspora