Page 254 - Berkshire Encyclopedia Of World History Vol Two

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probable in recent decades, in spite of the possibilities 98). Luxembourg, Belgium: Conseil de l`Europe, Cahiers du Centre
provided by modern earthquake engineering. Experts Européen de Géodynamique et de Séismologie.
Gubbins, D. (1990). Seismology and plate tectonics. Cambridge, UK:
fear that if a strong quake were to be triggered beneath Cambridge University Press.
Tehran, Iran, which has a population of 12 million and Hammerl, C., & Lenhardt,W. (1997). Eartquakes in Austria. Graz, Aus-
tria: Leykam.
has already been destroyed on several occasions in the
Hansen, G., & Condon, E. (1990). Denial of disaster.The untold story and
course of its history, as many as a million people could photographs of the San Francisco earthquake and fire of 1906. San
die (Munich Re Group 2004, 35). Francisco: Cameron and Company.
Jones, B. G. (Ed.). (1997). Economic consequences of earthquakes: Prepar-
As was illustrated by the pervious examples, infrastruc- ing for the unexpected. Buffalo: State University of New York.
ture systems, like water, sewage, gas, electric power, tele- Lay, T., & Wallace, T. C. (1995). Modern global seismology. San Diego,
CA: Academic Press.
phone systems, are extremely vulnerable and their failure
Munich Re Group (Ed.). (2004). The Bam disaster in Iran. TOPICSgeo.
can result in failures of other life-support systems. Losses Annual review: Natural catastrophes 2003, 11th year (pp. 33–37).
from disruption of such activities are much greater than Richter, C. F. (1958). Elementary seismology. San Francisco: Freeman.
Tang, A. K. (Ed.). (2000). Izmit (Kocaeli), Turkey, earthquake of August
the cost to repair damage; for example, it was impossible 17, 1999 including Duzce earthquake of November 12, 1999: Lifeline
to control the fires that ignited soon after the 1906 San performance. TCLEE (Technical Council of Lifeline Earthquake Engi-
neering) Monograph No. 17. American Society of Civil Engineers.
Francisco earthquake occurred, which destroyed a large
Underwood, C. S. (2003). An adventure interrupted: The experiences of
part of the city, because the water pipelines were broken. an American woman and her son living in Japan before and after the
Infrastructure that is often not considered is that of Kobe Earthquake. Lincoln, NE: Iuniverse.
U.S. Geological Survey, Earthquake Hazards Program. Retrieved April 5,
port facilities. Ports are particularly vulnerable because 2004, from http://earthquake.usgs.gov
they are naturally located on soft soils, which are of high
risk during earthquakes.The damage to the port facilities
in Kobe in 1995, for instance, was a major event of its
kind.The influence of such a loss can be serious because
major ports are centers of commerce, dealing with not Eastern Europe
only regional but also international trade, and are asso-
ciated directly with other commercial activities. astern Europe has been termed the heart of Europe
At present, the time, location, and magnitude of earth- Eand Europe’s suburb—both the crossroads of the
quakes cannot be predicted precisely. However, damage continent and the borderland of Western civilization.The
and casualties can be lessened if builders adhere to build- debate over Eastern Europe’s proper definition (an inte-
ing codes based on the seismic hazards particular to their gral part of Europe or the western frontier of Asia?) illus-
areas. trates the region’s historical place as a marchland: an area
where religions, empires, economic spheres, and cultural
Christa Hammerl
zones have overlapped and conflicted. Some view the
See also Climate Change term “Eastern Europe” as a relic of the Cold War division
of Europe and propose other designations. “Central
Europe,” which suggests the region’s vital contributions
Further Reading to Europe, is proposed for the region as a whole or in
Bolt, B. A. (1976). Nuclear explosions and earthquakes: The parted veil. part (usually Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and
San Francisco: Freeman.
Bolt, B.A. (1982). Inside the earth: Evidence from earthquakes. San Fran- Hungary). And because the term “Balkans” connotes
cisco: Freeman. backwardness and ethnic strife,“Southeastern Europe” is
Bolt, B. A. (1993). Earthquakes. San Francisco: Freeman.
Ghasbanpou, J. (2004). Bam. Iran. offered as a designation for the lands south of the
Grünthal, G. (Ed.). (1998). European Macroseismic Scale 1998 (EMS- Danube. In these terms, we see the disputed notions of