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If historians can tolerate the inconveniences of regional Mousnier, R. (1970). Peasant uprisings in seventeenth-century France,
exceptions to every “global” process, the idea of an early Russia, and China (B. Pearce,Trans.). New York: Harper and Row.
Parker, G. (1996). The military revolution: Military innovation and the rise
modern world has its attractions.Although a perspective of the West, 1500–1800 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Uni-
that twists the world around a European center is unpro- versity Press.
Pomeranz,K.(2001).The great divergence:China, Europe, and the making
ductive, the regions of the early modern world were in-
of the modern world economy. Princeton,NJ: Princeton University Press.
creasingly named (in America) and mapped (as in China) Richards, J. F. (1997). Early modern India and world history. Journal of
by Europeans. Nevertheless, in its application beyond World History, 8, 197–209.
Richards, J. F. (2003). The unending frontier:An environmental history of
Europe the idea of an early modern world redresses the the early modern world. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of Cal-
distortions of the Orientalist assumption of parochial, ifornia Press.
Starn, R. (2002).The early modern muddle. Journal of Early Modern His-
timeless, and conservative inertias unaltered by European
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era in some ways had more in common with each other don Press.
Subrahmanyam, S. (1997). Connected histories: Notes towards a recon-
than with their own ancestors and descendents—that figuration of early modern Eurasia. Modern Asian Studies, 31(3), 735–
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Luke Clossey
See also Foraging (Paleolithic) Era; Modern Era; Renais-
sance Earthquakes

arthquakes are vibrations of the earth caused by
Further Reading
Ewaves radiating from some source of elastic energy.
Benton, L. (2002). Law and colonial cultures: Legal regimes in world his-
tory, 1400–1900. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Earthquakes can have disastrous effects on densely pop-
Black, J. (Ed.). (1999). War in the early modern world, 1450–1815. Lon- ulated areas as well as on nuclear power plants, dumping
don: UCL Press. grounds for hazardous wastes, nuclear waste deposito-
Fisher, W. (1895). Money and credit paper in the modern market. The
Journal of Political Economy, 3, 391–413. ries, and large-scale technical constructions. They can
Fletcher, J. (1985). Integrative history: Parallels and interconnections in destroy our built environment and life-support systems
the early modern period, 1500–1800. Journal of Turkish Studies, 9,
37–57. and endanger lives. Eventually, the economic conse-
Flynn, D. O., & Giraldez, A. (1995). Born with a silver spoon: World quences of earthquakes can be of vast dimensions.
trade’s origins in 1571. Journal of World History, 6(2), 201–221.
Fox, D. R. (1915). Foundations of west India policy. Political Science
Quarterly, 30, 661–672. Causes
Frank, A. G. (1998). ReOrient: Global economy in the Asian age. Berke- Earthquakes are classified as either natural or induced.
ley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Goldstone, J. A. (1991). Revolution and rebellion in the early modern Natural earthquakes are further classified as tectonic—the
world. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. most common (more than 90 percent of all earthquakes
Goldstone, J. A. (1998).The problem of the “early modern” world. Jour- are tectonic, resulting from the sudden release of energy
nal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 41, 249–284.
Huff,T. E. (1993). The rise of early modern science: Islam, China and the stored by major deformation of the earth), volcanic (oc-
West. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. curring in conjunction with volcanic activity) and col-
Lieberman,V. (1997).Transcending East-West dichotomies: State and cul-
ture formation in six ostensibly disparate areas. Modern Asian Stud- lapse (for example, occurring in the regions of caverns).
ies, 31(3), 463–546. Induced earthquakes are vibrations of the ground caused