Page 64 - Encyclopedia Of World History

414 berkshire encyclopedia of world history

Call it a clan, call it a network, call it a tribe,
call it a family.Whatever you call it, whoever
you are, you need one. • Jane Howard

Gerhard, D. (1959).The frontier in comparative view. Comparative Stud- and testing theories of human culture, society, and behav-
ies in Society and History, 1(3), 205–229. ior by comparing the behaviors and customs of cultures
Jagchid, S., & Symons, J. (1989). Peace, war, and trade along the Great
Wall: Nomadic-Chinese interaction through two millennia. Blooming- around the world.The focus is on universal theories that
ton: Indiana University Press. explain all or some aspect of culture or behavior in all
Jones, M. E. (1996). Geographical-psychological frontiers in sub-Roman
Britain. In R.W. Mathiesen & H. S. Sivan (Eds.), Shifting frontiers in places at all times, rather than theories whose explana-
late antiquity (pp. 45–57). Brookfield,VT: Aldershot. tory reach is only a single culture or a single geographic
Kopytoff, I. (Ed.). (1987). The African frontier:The reproduction of tradi- or cultural region. Cross-cultural research is similar to
tional African societies. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Kristof, L. K. D. (1959).The nature of frontiers and boundaries. Annals cross-national research (practiced mainly by political sci-
of the Association of American Geographers, 49, 269–282. entists and economists), which uses modern nation-states
Lamar, H., & Thompson, L. (1981). The frontier in history: North Amer-
ica and southern Africa compared. New Haven, CT: Yale University rather than cultures as its unit of study.
Press. Cross-cultural research emerged as a distinct form of
Lattimore, O. (1951). Inner Asian frontiers of China. New York: Ameri- anthropological research during the late nineteenth cen-
can Geographical Society.
Liverani, M. (2001). International relations in the ancient Near East, tury but did not garner much attention until the 1940s.
1660–1100 B.C. Houndmills, UK: Palgrave. By then a large quantity of ethnography (information on
Luttwak, E. N. (1976). The grand strategy of the Roman empire from the
first century A.D. to the third. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University cultures and ethnic groups) had been gathered for hun-
Press. dreds of cultures around the world, providing the raw
Martinez, O. J. (1988). Troublesome border.Tucson: University of Arizona data for cross-cultural study. In the typical cross-cultural
Press.
McNeill,W. H. (1983). The great frontier: Freedom and hierarchy in mod- study, a researcher sets forth a theory or theories to be
ern times. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. tested, selects a sample of cultures from around the
Nugent, P., & Asiwaju, A. I. (1996). African boundaries: Barriers, con-
duits, and opportunities. New York: Pinter. world to be studied, collects information on the topics of
Sahlins, P. (1989). Boundaries: The making of France and Spain in the interest from ethnographic reports on the cultures, con-
Pyrenees. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. verts the textual information to numeric codes of variable
Torpey, J. (2000). The invention of the passport: Surveillance, citizenship,
and the state. New York: Cambridge University Press. value, and then uses statistical tests to test the theory or
Waldron, A. (1988). The Great Wall myth: Its origins and role in mod- theories.
ern China. Yale Journal of Criticism, 2(1), 67–104.
Waldron,A. (1990). The Great Wall of China: From history to myth. Cam- With more and more ethnographic data available in
bridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. the decades after World War II, cross-cultural research
Webb,W. P. (1952). The great frontier. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. became more popular, with several hundred studies on
Wells, P. S. (1999). The barbarians speak: How the conquered peoples
shaped Roman Europe. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. kinship, child development, family life, war, religion, eco-
Whittaker, C. R. (1996).Where are the frontiers now? The Roman army nomics, and politics published during the 1960s and
in the East. Journal of Roman Archeology, 18, 25–41.
1970s.These two decades were also a period of matura-
tion for the field as many new research techniques were
developed to make for more careful research and more
trustworthy results.Among the pioneers in the field were
Comparative the anthropologists George Peter Murdock at Yale,

Harold Driver at Indiana University, Raoul Naroll at
Ethnology State University of New York at Buffalo, and John and
Beatrice Whiting at Harvard. During the 1980s, as cul-
omparative ethnology (cross-cultural research) is a tural anthropology became more focused on specific cul-
Csubfield of cultural anthropology. Anthropologists, tures, on the study of meaning, and on action research to
psychologists, and sociologists who conduct cross- assist and protect endangered peoples, cross-cultural
cultural research are interested primarily in developing research declined in popularity.