Page 170 - Encyclopedia Of World History Vol IV

piracy 1471

Pirates celebrating in
Charleston, South Carolina.

Coleman, S. M., & Eade, J. (Eds.). (2004). Reframing pilgrimage: Cultures
in motion. London: Routledge.
Dillon, M. (1997). Pilgrims and pilgrimage in ancient Greece. London:
Routledge.
Dubisch, J. (1995). In a different place: Pilgrimage, gender, and politics
at a Greek island shrine. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Eade, J., & Sallnow, M. (Eds.). (1991). Contesting the sacred:The anthro-
pology of Christian pilgrimage. London: Routledge.
Eickelman, D. F., & Piscatori, J. (Eds.). (1990). Muslim travellers: Pilgrim-
age, migration, and the religious imagination. London: Routledge.
Elad, A. (1999). Medieval Jerusalem and Islamic worship: Holy places,
ceremonies, pilgrimage. New York: E. J. Brill.
Gold,A. (1988). Fruitful journeys:The ways of Rajasthani pilgrims. Berke-
ley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Howard, D. R. (1980). Writers and pilgrims: Medieval pilgrimage nar-
ratives and their posterity. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of
California Press.
Hummel, R., & Hummel, T. (1995). Patterns of the sacred: English
Protestant and Russian Orthodox pilgrims of the nineteenth century.
London: Scorpion Cavendish.
Hunt, E. D. (1982). Holy Land pilgrimage in the later Roman empire AD
312–460. Oxford, UK: Clarendon. property on board such ship or aircraft.” This definition
Kunin, S. (1998). God’s place in the world: Sacred space and sacred place is the product of high-level deliberations in an age of
in Judaism. London: Cassell.
Morinis, E.A. (1984). Pilgrimage in the Hindu tradition: A case study of nation-states, but it captures the essence of piratical
west Bengal. Delhi, India: Oxford University Press. activity throughout history. Because of their mobility,
Morris, C., & Roberts, P. (Eds.). (2002). Pilgrimage:The English experi-
ence from Becket to Bunyan. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University their tendency to operate in places frequented by com-
Press. mercial shipping, and the fact that the theft of a ship’s
Nolan, M. L., & Nolan, S. (1989). Christian pilgrimage in modern west- cargo—and often of the ship itself—disrupts interna-
ern Europe. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Ousterhout, R. (Ed.). (1990). The blessings of pilgrimage. Urbana: Uni- tional trade, piracy often has far-reaching implications.
versity of Illinois Press. The tendency to romanticize pirates as a class of sea-
Peters, F. E. (1994). The hajj: The Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca and the
holy places. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. going Robin Hoods tends to obscure the violent and
Reader, I., & Walter, T. (Eds.). Pilgrimage in popular culture. London: criminal nature of their actions. Certainly no victim of
Macmillan. modern piracy speaks fondly of his or her assailants. It
Swatos,W. H., & Tomasi, L. (Eds.). (2002). From medieval pilgrimage to
religious tourism:The social and cultural economics of piety.Westport, is true, however, that pirates generally create and operate
CT: Praeger. within hierarchies that are relatively flat when compared
Turner, V., & Turner, E. (1978). Image and pilgrimage in Christian cul-
ture: Anthropological perspectives. New York: Columbia University with those of commercial shippers, privateers, and
Press. navies. In the eighteenth century, for instance, the distri-
bution of prize money, for instance, was more equitable
than it was among privateers or naval sailors, where the
share system favored officers, shareholders or the govern-
Piracy ment. Likewise, there have always been divergent views
of piratical behavior. In the first century BCE, Cicero held
ccording to the 1982 United Nations Convention that a pirate “is not specified as belonging to the ranks of
Aon the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), piracy is any ille- combatants, but is a foe in all men’s eyes,” (Walsh 2001,
gal act “of violence or detention...committed for private 121) a sentiment echoed by the seventeenth-century
ends by the crew or the passengers of a private ship or English jurist Sir Edward Coke, who called pirates the
a private aircraft, and directed...on the high seas, enemy of mankind.A contrary perspective is found in St.
against another ship or aircraft, or against persons or Augustine’s City of God, which relates a conversation