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ready to become the most prominent form of global Bouyer, L. (2001). The spirit and forms of Protestantism. San Francisco,
Protestantism as the European churches declined in CA: Sceptre.
Brauer, J. C. (1965). Protestantism in America. Philadelphia:
numbers and significance. Westminster.
Brown, R. M. (1961). The spirit of Protestantism. New York: Oxford Uni-
versity Press.
The End of One Millennium,
Cragg, G. R. (1960). The Church in the age of reason. Grand Rapids: MI:
the Beginning of Another Eerdmans.
Through centuries, Protestantism developed many schools Curtis, C. J. (1970). Contemporary Protestant thought. New York: Bruce.
Dillenberger, J., & Welch, C. (1954). Protestant Christianity interpreted
of theology, not least impressively in the twentieth cen- through its development. New York: Scribner’s.
tury, long after many cultural observers had expected such Drummond, A. L. (1951). German Protestantism since Luther. London:
Epworth.
fresh flowerings in a secular world. These schools re-
Flew, R. N., & Davies, R. E. (Eds.). (1950). The Catholicity of Protes-
flected the dominant philosophies of the day, as their tantism. London: Lutterworth.
ancestral versions had done during periods characterized Forell, G. (1960). The Protestant spirit. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-
Hall.
by idealism and the Enlightenment, for example. In the Greengrass, M. (1987). The French Reformation. London: Blackwell.
same way existentialism, language philosophies, phe- Groh, J. E. (1982). Nineteenth century German Protestantism:
The church as a social model. Washington, DC: University Press of
nomenology, and other philosophies inspired Protestant
America.
thinkers, usually in university settings, to rework biblical Halverson, M., & Cohen, A. A. (Eds.). (1958). A handbook of Christian
and historic evangelical motifs to meet new challenges. theology: Definition essays on concepts and movements of thought in
contemporary Protestantism. New York: Meridian.
These included coming to terms with whatever industrial- Hastings, A. (1976). African Christianity. London: Continuum.
ization, urbanism, globalization, and humanistic crises Hastings, A. (1991). A history of English Christianity 1920–1990.
Philadelphia: Trinity Press.
brought to people’s lives. Far from fading, as it seemed
Heim, K. (1963). The nature of Protestantism. Philadelphia: Fortress.
to be doing in its own heartland, Protestantism in the Heron, A. (1980). A century of Protestant theology. Philadelphia:
early twenty-first century represents a confusing, explo- Fortress.
Kerr, H.T. (1950). Positive Protestantism. Philadelphia: Westminster.
sive, adaptive force in secular and religiously pluralistic Léonard, E. (1966, 1967). A history of Protestantism (Vols. 1–2). Lon-
settings. Hard-line reactive Protestant fundamentalists don: Nelson.
Marty, M. E. (1972). Protestantism. New York: Holt.
resist adaptations, but their leaders manifest an ability
Nichols, J. H. (1947). Primer for Protestants. New York: Association
to engage in invention on the ever-changing front of Press.
Protestantism. Pauck,W. (1950). The heritage of the Reformation. Boston: Beacon.
Rupp, G. (1986). Religion in England, 1688–1791. Oxford, UK: Oxford
University Press.
Martin E. Marty
Tillich, P. (1951). The Protestant era. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press.
See also Luther, Martin; Missionaries; Pentecostalism
Troeltsch, E. (1966). Protestantism and progress:A historical study of the
relation of Protestantism to the modern world. Boston: Beacon.
Von Rohr, J. (1969). Profile of Protestantism. Belmont, CA: Dickenson.
Weber, M. (1958). The Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism. New
Further Reading York: Scribner’s. (Original work published 1904)
Ahlstrom, S. (Ed.). (1967). Theology in America: The major voices. New Welch, C. (1972, 1983). Protestant thought in the nineteenth century
York: Bobbs-Merrill. (Vols. 1–2). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Barth, K. (1972). Protestant theology in the nineteenth century: Its back- Whale, J. S. (1955). The Protestant tradition. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge
ground and history. London: SCM Press. University Press.
Bergendoff, C. (1967). The Church of the Lutheran Reformation: A his- Williams, G. H. (1961). The radical Reformation. Philadelphia:
torical survey of Lutheranism. St. Louis, MO: Concordia. Westminster.
Bossy, J. (1985). Christianity in the West, 1400–1700. Oxford, UK: Ox- Worrall, B. G. (1988). The making of the modern church: Christianity in
ford University Press. England since 1800. London: SPCK.