Page 248 - Encyclopedia Of World History Vol IV

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of travel. Because railroads require far less fuel than Burton, A. (2001). The Orient Express: The history of the Orient Express
trucks, they are also still one of the most cost-effective service from 1883 to 1950. Newton Abbot, UK: David & Charles.
Carter, I. (2001). Railways and culture in Britain:The epitome of moder-
methods for transporting bulk commodities. nity. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press.
Railroads experienced a small revival in the 1960s Conder, F. R. (1983). The men who built railways: A reprint of F. R. Con-
der’s personal recollections of English engineers (Jack Simmons, Ed.).
with the advent of the “container age” in the shipping
London: Telford.
industry and the development of high-speed trains. Daniels, R. (2000). Trains across the continent: North American railroad
Flatbed rail cars loaded with containers now transport a history. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Hawke, G. R. (1970). Railways and economic growth in England and
portion of the finished products that were once carried Wales, 1840–1870. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
almost entirely on trucks. Similarly, with the opening of Haywood, R. M. (1998). Russia enters the railway age, 1842–1855.
Boulder, CO: East European Monographs.
the NewTokaido line betweenTokyo and Osaka in 1964,
Headrick, D. R. (1981). The tools of empire: Technology and European
railroads began to recapture a portion of the passenger imperialism in the nineteenth century. New York: Oxford University
traffic that had been lost to the airlines.The completion Press.
Railways. (1911). Encyclopedia Britannica (11th ed.,Vol. 22). New York:
of the ChannelTunnel (“Chunnel”) in 1994, for instance, Britannica.
opened up a high-speed rail route between Paris and Lon- Roth, R., & Polino, M.-N. (2003). The city and the railway in Europe.
Burlington,VT: Ashgate.
don that can be traversed in less than three hours.
Schivelbusch, W. (1986). The railway journey: The industrialization of
The United States possesses the most usable miles of time and space in the 19th century. New York: Berg.
tracks of any country in the world today (195,200 kilo- Simmons, J. (1991). The Victorian railway. New York: Thames & Hudson.
Stilgoe, J. R. (1983). Metropolitan corridor: Railroads and the American
meters), followed by Russia (117,400 kilometers), Canada scene. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
(73,400 kilometers), China (70,200 kilometers), and India Talbot, F. A. A. (1911). The railway conquest of the world. London: W.
Heinemann.
(63,700 kilometers). Germany, Australia, Argentina,
Theroux, P. (1975). The great railway bazaar: By train through Asia.
France, and Brazil each possess between 32,000 and Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
48,000 kilometers of track.According to the International Theroux, P., & McCurry, S. (1985). The imperial way: Making tracks from
Peshawar to Chittagong. London: H. Hamilton.
Union of Railways, the Americas now account for 38 per-
cent of all freight miles on railroads, most of which is car-
ried on U.S. tracks. Europe’s share is 30 percent and
Asia’s 29 percent. Asia, meanwhile, accounts for 66 per-
cent of all railroad passenger miles worldwide. This is Ramses II
largely because millions of Indians and Chinese travel by (reigned 1304–1237)
rail every day. Europe’s share of the passenger traffic is 29 Egyptian pharaoh
percent and Africa’s 4 percent. Passenger traffic in the U.S.
is minuscule, despite the advent of Amtrak service in 1971. amses II, also known as “Ramses the Great,” was
Rone of the most famous pharaohs of the 19th
Mark Cioc
dynasty of Egypt (1570–1070 BCE).This powerful ruler,
See also Transportation—Overview born to Seti I and Queen Tuya in 1279 BCE, established
numerous building projects, conducted aggressive war
campaigns, and created international ties that are still dis-
Further Reading cussed today. Moreover, it is possible that Ramses II may
Ambrose, S. (2000). Nothing like it in the world: The men who built the have had some connection with the exodus of the bibli-
transcontinental railroad, 1863–69. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Awasthi, A. (1994). History and development of railways in India. New cal text, as there is some discussion among scholars
Delhi, India: Deep & Deep. whether Ramses or his father was the reigning pharaoh
Blum, J. (1994). In the beginning: The advent of the modern age, Europe
in the 1840s. New York: C. Scribner’s Sons. at the time of the event. Although most agree that Seti I
Burton, A. (1994). The railway empire. London: J. Murray. was pharaoh, no Egyptian texts mention any accounts of