Page 126 - Encyclopedia Of World History Vol V

túpac amaru 1903

tion. The victorious powers also did much soul search-
ing. Critics argued that the victorious powers had under- Túpac Amaru
mined their own moral authority. The most influential (c. 1742–1781)
criticism was by the British economist John Maynard Peruvian revolutionary
Keynes. He had left the Paris Peace Conference in protest
in June 1919 and published his passionate denunciation n 1780 Túpac Amaru (José Gabriel Condorcanqui),
of the treaty, The Economic Consequences of the Peace, in Ian indigenous ethnic lord or kuraka in the region
December. In the United States,Wilson’s failure to carry near Cuzco in the Peruvian highlands, led the largest
his own vision of a peace of reconciliation marked the and most serious rebellion in South America against
treaty as a defeat for all those people promoting liberal Spanish colonial authority in the period between the
internationalism. Disappointed liberals disavowed Wil- sixteenth-century wars of encounter and conquest and
son and the treaty. This disavowal contributed to Wil- the early nineteenth-century movements toward inde-
son’s eventual failure to persuade the U.S. Senate to pendence. Centered in a rural region near the old Inca
support either the treaty or U.S. entry into the League of capital of Cuzco, especially in the provinces of Canas y
Nations, despite a longr-running political campaign in Canchis (Tinta) and Quispicanchis, where Túpac Amaru
1919–1920. The U.S. decision not to enter the new and much of his family lived, this rebellion quickly
league did much to debilitate the league during the engulfed the southern highland region of the Viceroyalty
1920s and 1930s. of Peru from Cuzco to Lake Titicaca and beyond. Other
uprisings in what is now Bolivia (at that time the
Douglas Newton
Viceroyalty of Río de la Plata) have become associated
See also Interwar Years (1918-1939); World War I historically with the Túpac Amaru rebellion even
though at least one of them began before the Cuzco
movement. In the region between Sucre and Potosí, sev-
Further Reading eral members of the Katari family led local villagers in
Boemeke, M. F., Feldman, G. D., & Glaser, E. (Eds.). (1998). The Treaty a movement that challenged the colonial order at both
of Versailles: A reassessment after 75 years. Cambridge, UK: German
Historical Institute and Cambridge University Press. the village and governmental level.To the north, near La
Floto, I. (1973). Colonel House in Paris:A study of American policy at the Paz, Julián Apasa, who looked to the leaders of the
Paris Peace Conference, 1919. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University other two rebellions to form his nom de guerre—Túpac
Press.
Kent, B. (1989). The spoils of war: The politics, economics, and diplo- Katari—fought on his own and with the forces of the
macy of reparations, 1918–1932. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Túpac Amaru rebellion to break Spanish control in that
Press.
Lentin, A. (1984). Guilt at Versailles: Lloyd George and the pre-history of region.
appeasement. Leicester, UK: Leicester University Press. Túpac Amaru’s father died when he was young, and he
Mayer, A. J. (1968). Politics and diplomacy of peacemaking: Containment was raised by his uncles and the local priest. He also stud-
and counterrevolution at Versailles, 1918–1919. London: Weidenfeld
and Nicolson. ied at the Jesuit school for indigenous nobility in Cuzco.
Newton, D. (1997). British policy and the Weimar Republic, 1918–1919. He ran a business of transporting goods throughout the
Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Schwabe, K. (1985). Woodrow Wilson, revolutionary Germany and peace- southern Andes and he also had interests in mines. He
making, 1918–1919: Missionary diplomacy and the realities of power. got along well with most priests and with the bishop of
Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. Cuzco. His relationship with local Spanish officials was
Sharp, A. (1991). The Versailles settlement: Peacemaking in Paris, 1919.
Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan. much more stormy, but it too varied from individual to
Thompson, J. M. (1966). Russia, Bolshevism and the Versailles peace. individual. Túpac Amaru—actually Túpac Amaru II—
Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Vincent, C. P. (1985). The politics of hunger: The Allied blockade of Ger- was descended from Manco Inca, the Inca ruler who rose
many, 1915–1919. Athens: Ohio University Press. in rebellion against the Spaniards shortly after their