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warfare—post-columbian latin america 1971

daring amphibious invasion at Inchon. This counterof- Paine, S. C. M. (2003). The Sino-Japanese war of 1894–1895: Percep-
fensive carried the UN forces up to the Yalu River sepa- tions, power, and primacy. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Sandler, S. (1999). The Korean war: No victors, no vanquished. Lexington:
rating Korea from China and the Soviet Union.When the University of Kentucky Press.
United States ignored Chinese demands to halt, the new Schmid, A. (2002). Korea between empires, 1895–1919. New York:
Columbia University Press.
Communist rulers in Beijing sent in troops, and in this
Spector, R. H. (1985). Eagle against the sun: The American war with
third phase veteran Chinese Communist divisions slipped Japan. New York: Free Press.
behind and around isolated U.S. and South Korean Tennant, C. R. (1996). A history of Korea. New York: Kegan Paul
International.
forces, driving them back across and slightly below the Turnbull, S. R. (1977). The samurai: A military history. New York:
thirty-eighth parallel. Truman relieved General Douglas Macmillan.
Turnbull, S. R. (1982). The book of the samurai: The warrior class of
MacArthur of his command, and in the fourth phase the
Japan. London: Arms and Armour Press.
UN forces, commanded by General Matthew Ridgway, Turnbull, S. R. (2002). Samurai invasion: Japan’s Korean war, 1592–
drove the Communists back across the parallel by early 1598. London: Cassell.
Wilson, D. (1982). When tigers fight:The story of the Sino-Japanese war,
spring 1951.The fifth phase consisted of a twenty-seven- 1937–1945. New York: The Viking Press.
month period to negotiate the truce that currently reigns Yamada, N. (1979). Ghenko, the Mongol invasion of Japan.Washington,
DC: University Publications of America.
on the peninsula, where tensions continue to exist,
fanned in the twenty-first century by fears of North
Korean nuclear weapons.

Warfare—
Charles M. Dobbs
See also Japanese Empire; World War II
Post-Columbian

Further Reading Latin America
Boyle, J. H. (1972). China and Japan at war, 1937–1945:The politics of
collaboration. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Brent, P. (1976). The Mongol empire: Genghis Khan: His triumph and his he collision of Eastern and Western Hemispheres
legacy. London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson. Tthat began in 1492 with the first voyage of Christo-
Callahan, R. (1978). Burma, 1942–1945. London: Davis Poynter.
Choucri, N., North, R. C., & Yamakage, S. (1992). The challenge of Japan pher Columbus unleashed a wide range of encounters on
before World War II and after: A study of national growth and expan- many planes, and war played a central role. The two
sion. New York: Routledge. largest wars of the age of sixteenth-century Iberian con-
Duus, P., Myers, R. H., & Peattie, M. (Eds.). (1989). The Japanese infor-
mal empire in China, 1895–1937. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univer- quest in the Americas were won by Spain in Mexico
sity Press. (1519–1521) and in Peru (1532–1536). Historians gen-
Farris,W.W. (1992). Heavenly warriors:The evolution of Japan’s military,
500–1300. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. erally attribute the final Spanish victory over the American
Friday, K. F. (1992). Hired swords: The rise of private warrior power in empires to three major factors: (1) divisions among Amer-
early Japan. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ican peoples, some of whom opposed Mexican and Inca
Friday, K. F. (2004). Samurai warfare and the state in early medieval
Japan. New York: Routledge. rule; (2) the effects of sudden, acute exposure to Eastern
Giffard, S. (1994). Japan among the powers, 1890–1990. New Haven, Hemisphere diseases, such as smallpox, to which Ameri-
CT: Yale University Press.
Hanneman, M. L. (2001). Japan faces the world, 1925–1952. New York: cans had no immunities; (3) the superior weapons and
Longman. battlefield tactics of the Spaniards. The weapons advan-
Henthorn, W. E. (1963). Korea: The Mongol invasions. Leiden, Nether- tages included steel-edged swords and pikes, crossbows,
lands: E. J. Brill.
Henthorn,W. E. (1971). A history of Korea. New York: Free Press. and cannons and infantry firearms.Armed with obsidian-
Hsiung, J. C., & Levine, S. I. (Eds.). (1992). China’s bitter victory:The war tipped weapons, Mesoamerican (peoples of southern
with Japan, 1937–1945. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
Matthews, G. F. (1966). The re-conquest of Burma, 1943–1945. Alder- North America) warriors traditionally deployed in loose
shot, UK: Gale & Polden. formations to capture victims for religious sacrifice,