Page 205 - Encyclopedia Of World History Vol V

1982 berkshire encyclopedia of world history

largest European-style set-piece battle fought out on the Leckie, R. (1999). “A few acres of snow”:The saga of the French and Indian
Plains of Abraham near Quebec, which signaled the end Wars. New York: Wiley and Sons.
Marshall, P. J. (1998). The eighteenth century. New York: Oxford Uni-
of French rule in North America (though the peace treaty versity Press.
would not be signed for another four years). Peckham, H. H. (1964). The colonial wars, 1689–1762. Chicago: Uni-
versity of Chicago Press.
The final significant aspect of post-Columbian warfare
Steel, I. K. (1994). Warpaths: Invasions of North America, 1613-1765.
in North America occurred shortly after the Treaty of New York: Oxford University Press.
Paris in 1763 when unrest among former French-aligned Swanson, C. E. (1985). American privateering and imperial warfare,
1739–1748. William and Mary Quarterly, 42(3), 357–382.
Native American tribes broke out in what is commonly Weber, D. J. (1992). The Spanish frontier in North America. New Haven,
and mistakenly referred to as Pontiac’s Rebellion. In an CT: Yale University Press.
White, R. (1991). The middle ground: Indians, empires, and republics in
attempt to pacify the Indians, reduce costs, and minimize
the Great Lakes region, 1650-1815 (F. Hoxie & N. Salisbury, Eds.).
frontier warfare, the British adopted what is known as Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
the Proclamation of 1763, which attempted to limit colo-
nial expansion. It failed to limit expansion and only fur-
ther inflamed colonial resentment already high over
British hesitancy in the long period of warfare, newly Warfare—
reimposed mercantilist policies, and newly enacted taxes
on the colonies to pay for the cost of the wars. In the end Pre-Columbian
all this combined to produce the American Revolution
in 1775. Mesoamerica and
North America
John T. Broom

Further Reading he identifiable history of specialized weaponry in
Anderson, F. (2000). Crucible of war:The Seven Years War and the fate of Tpre-Columbian North and Middle America begins
empire in British North America, 1754–1766. New York: Albert A. some three thousand years ago, against a backdrop of
Knopf.
Axtell, J. (1985). The invasion within: The contest of cultures in North knives, spears, and atlatls (spear-throwers).These hunting
America. New York: Oxford University Press. implements probably formed part of the tool inventory
Canny, N. (Ed.). (1998). The origins of empire. New York: Oxford Uni- that accompanied the first migrants into the New World.
versity Press.
Carr, R. D. (1998).“Why should you be so furious?”: The violence of the Although they could be turned to martial use, they were
Pequot War. Journal of American History, 85(3), 876–909. primarily utilitarian. Armed conflicts at this point proba-
Chet, G. (2003). Conquering the American wilderness: The triumph of
European warfare in the colonial Northeast. Boston: University of bly involved clashes between contacting groups, with the
Massachusetts Press. weaker fleeing the stronger rather than the two groups
Higginbotham, D. (1987). The early American way of war: Reconnais- engaging in sustained confrontations.
sance and appraisal. William and Mary Quarterly, 44(2), 230–273.
Hirsch, A. J. (1988). The collision of military cultures in seventeenth-
century New England. Journal of American History, 74(4), 1187– Emergence of Warfare
1212.
Josephy, A. (1994). Five hundred nations. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. Warfare emerged after the development of settled, agri-
Keener, C. S. (1999). An ethnohistorical analysis of Iroquois assault tac- cultural communities, which became widespread in Mex-
tics used against fortified settlements of the Northeast in the seven- ico between 2500 and 1400 BCE and much later in
teenth entury. Ethnohistory, 46(4), 777–807.
Leach, D. E. (1986). Roots of conflict: British armed forces and colonial North America. (Although this article covers both North
Americans, 1677–1763. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina America and Mesoamerica, it will concentrate on Meso-
Press.
Leach, D. E. (1958). Flintlock and tomahawk: New England in King america, as the development of complex society, includ-
Philips War. New York: MacMillan. ing warfare, was more developed much earlier there and