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            Earle,T. (1997). How chiefs come to power. Stanford, CA: Stanford Uni-  tries into its forces. By 1949, by which time the Cold War
              versity Press.                                    between the Soviet Union and the United States was
            Emerson, T. E., & Lewis, R. B. (1990). Cahokia and the hinterlands.
              Urbana: University of Illinois Press.             already well established, the Soviets had concluded bilat-
            Ferrill, A. (1997). The origins of war (Rev. ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview  eral military alliances with each of these east European
              Press.
            Haas, J., Pozorski, S., & Pozorski,T. (Eds.). (1987). The origins and devel-  countries, all of which were by then Communist. The
              opment of the Andean state. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University  alliances permitted 1 million Soviet troops to remain in
              Press.                                            the region and subordinated the armed forces of the satel-
            Hassig, R. (1992). War and society in ancient Mesoamerica. Berkeley:
              University of California Press.                   lite countries to Soviet military authorities. During the
            Keeley, L. H. (1996). War before civilizaton. Oxford, UK: Oxford Uni-  early 1950s the European allies of the United States, seek-
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            LeBlanc, S., & Register, K. E. (2003). Constant battles: The myth of the  ing to find a way to defend themselves against a possible
              peaceful, noble savage. New York: St. Martin’s Press.  Soviet attack, decided that they would have to rearm the
            Liu, L. (2003). State formation in early China. London: Duckworth.  recently defeated Germany, that is, the newly created Fed-
            Liverani, M. (1988). Antico Oriente. Rome: Editori Laterza.
            Marcus, J. (1992). Dynamic cycles of Mesoamerican states. National Geo-  eral Republic of Germany (West Germany). In 1954,
              graphic Research and Exploration, 8, 392–411.     after an effort to create a completely European military
            Marcus, J., & Flannery, K. V. (1996). Zapotec civilization. London:
              Thames & Hudson.                                  force failed, the United States joined fifteen other coun-
            Moseley, M. E. (2001). The Incas and their ancestors (Rev. ed.). London:  tries to create the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.To
              Thames & Hudson.                                  counter this alliance, on 1 May 1955, the Soviets created
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              4,300 B.C. In M. A. Nettleship, R. D. Givens, & A. Nettleship (Eds.),  the Warsaw Treaty Organization (WTO), which is often
              War, its causes and correlates. The Hague, Netherlands: Mouton.  referred to as the Warsaw Pact, transforming the formerly
            Rothman, M. (Ed.). (1999). Mesopotamia in the era of state formation.
              Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press.  bilateral alliances into an international organization.
            Stein, G., & Rothman, M. S. (1994). Chiefdoms and early states in the  The members of the Warsaw Pact claimed that it was
              Near East. Madison,WI: Prehistory Press.          formed in the postwar spirit of creating effective interna-
            Underhill,A. (1989).Warfare during the Chinese Neolithic period. In D.
              C. Tkaczuk & B. C.Vivian (Eds.), Cultures in conflict. Proceedings of  tional organizations. In fact, the Soviets made no effort
              the twentieth annual Chacmool conference. Calgary, Alberta, Canada.  to create a truly cooperative, multinational force. They
            Vencl, S. (1984). War and warfare in archaeology. Journal of Anthropo-
              logical Archaeology, 3, 116–132.                  dealt with their allies primarily in the old bilateral forms,
            Yadin, Y. (1963). The art of warfare in Biblical lands. New York:   thus inhibiting the possibility of the east Europeans ally-
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                                                                ing among themselves on sensitive issues. While the
                                                                Soviets devised strategy and designated their own troops
                                                                as the primary combat units, the east European militaries
                                                                managed the war games, mobilized forces, or acted as
                            Warsaw Pact                         Soviet proxies in furnishing Third World countries with
                                                                arms. The fundamental strategic plan of the Warsaw
                he Warsaw Pact, officially known as the “Treaty of  Pact, that is, of the Soviet Union, was to achieve a quick
            TFriendship, Co-Operation, and Mutual Assistance”   victory over NATO forces after any attack. In fact, docu-
            among the seven socialist states of post-World War II  ments recovered after the collapse of the German Demo-
            Europe (Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania,   cratic Republic (East Germany) suggest that few people
            Bulgaria, Albania, and the Soviet Union), was the Soviet  outside of a narrow elite were aware of the details of
            Union’s most significant multinational military alliance  NATO’s defense in depth, rendering the Warsaw Pact’s
            from 1955 until its collapse in 1991. As the Red Army  strategic plan doubtful at best.
            (later called the “Soviet Army”) swept through the eastern  The most serious crises that the pact confronted were
            part of Europe at the end of World War II it incorporated  the Hungarian Revolution,the Prague Spring,and the Sol-
            more than half a million troops from east European coun-  idarity movement: In 1956, when a serious revolt broke
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