Page 259 - Encyclopedia Of World History Vol V

2036 berkshire encyclopedia of world history

Fire, water, and government
know nothing of mercy. • PROVERB

power to sawmills, grain mills, and textile factories. In Hodge, A.T. (1992). Roman aqueducts and water supply. London: Ger-
1882 the first power plant that derived its energy from ald Duckworth.
Horden, P., & Purcell, N. (2000). Corrupting sea: A study of Mediter-
water power was constructed in Wisconsin. By the early ranean history. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
1940s hydroelectric power provided nearly 40 percent of Kandel, R. (2003). Water from heaven: The story of water from the Big
Bang to the rise of civilization, and beyond. New York: Columbia Uni-
U.S. energy consumption. Today, Canada, Norway,
versity Press.
Switzerland, and Sweden depend heavily upon hydro- Oleson, J. P. (1984). Greek and Roman mechanical water-lifting devices.
electric power. Dordrecht, Netherlands: D. Reidel.
Outwater, A. (1997). Water: A natural history. New York: Basic Books.
Pisani, D. J. (1996). Water, land, and law in the West:The limits of public
Water in the policy, 1850–1920. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press.
Potts, D.T. (1997). Mesopotamian civilization:The material foundations.
Twenty-First Century
Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Since the mid-1980s many nations have come to realize Raikes, R. (1967). Water, weather, and prehistory. New York: Humanities
that water is not a limitless commodity and that steps have Press.
Reynolds, T. S. (1983). Stronger than a hundred men: The history of the
to be taken in order to protect this valuable resource for vertical water wheel. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
future generations. In the twenty-first century several key Schoppa, R. K. (1989). Lakes of empire: Man and water in Chinese his-
tory. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
water issues have emerged. First, as the world’s population
Shaw, R. E. (1990). Canals for a nation:The canal era in the United States,
increases, more countries are unable to meet the increased 1790–1860. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.
demand for drinking water. Second, industrialization Smith, N. (1977). Men and water: A history of hydro-technology. New
York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.
leads to increased pollution, which further decreases the Squatriti, P. (1998). Water and society in early medieval Italy, AD 400–
amount of available drinking water. Third, continued 1000. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Ward, D. R. (2002). Water wars: Drought, flood, folly, and the politics of
urbanization and deforestation have led to increased
thirst. New York: Penguin Putnam.
flooding and soil erosion. Fourth, as countries look to aug- Yegul, F. (1992). Baths and bathing in classical antiquity. New York:
ment their existing water supply, conflicts over water Architectural History Foundation.
sharing, particularly of international rivers, have increased.
Increased public awareness about these important envi-
ronmental issues has resulted in the formation of interna-
tional agencies that are attempting to solve these problems Water
and implement water resource management plans.
Management
Robert Scott Moore

See also Desertification; Water Management and-based life on Earth revolves around sweet (non-
Lsalty) water. Domesticated plants require a regular
and sufficient supply of sweet water. People must manage
this water supply. People also must manage the supply of
Further Reading
sweet water for humans, for our domesticated animals,
Beaumont, P., Bonine, M. E., & McLachlan, K. (1989). Qanat, kariz, and
khattara: Traditional water systems in the Middle East and North and for manufacturing. However, since the invention of
Africa. London: School of Oriental and African Studies. agriculture these latter goals often have been met while
Crouch, D. P. (1993). Water management in ancient Greek cities. Oxford,
UK: Oxford University Press. people manage the water supply for domesticated plants.
Gischler, C. E. (1979). Water resources in the Arab Middle East and North Most of the surface of our planet is water, but most of
Africa. Cambridge, UK: Middle East and North African Studies Press. that water is too salty for use by organisms living on land.
Goubert, J.-P. (1989). The conquest of water: The advent of health in the
Industrial Age (A.Wilson,Trans.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University However, the hydrological cycle (the sequence of condi-
Press. tions by which water passes from vapor in the atmosphere
Guillerme, A. E. (1988). The age of water:The urban environment in the
north of France, A.D. 300–1800. College Station: Texas A&M Uni- through precipitation onto land or water surfaces and
versity Press. back into the atmosphere) provides a continuous supply