Page 296 - Encyclopedia Of World History Vol V

world maps, chinese 2073

Further Reading reflect the cultural values of both their producers and
Abu-Lughod, J. (1989). Before European hegemony:The world system A.D. their intended audience. Naturally then, Chinese maps of
1250–1350. New York: Oxford University Press.
Adams, R. M. (1981). Heartland of cities. Chicago: Chicago University “the world” tell us a great deal about the way the Chinese
Press. have viewed themselves and others through time and
Bairoch, P. (1988). Cities and economic development. Chicago: Chicago across political boundaries.
University Press.
Braudel, F. (1984). Parts 2 and 3: The city-centered economies of the Since at least the tenth century Chinese scholars have
European past. In Civilization and Capitalism 15th to 18th century produced what we might call “world maps.” However,
(Vol. 3):The perspective of the world. London: Collins.
Chandler,T. (1987). Four thousand years of urban growth: An historical until the late nineteenth century, people contemplating
census. Lewiston: St. Gavid’s. any given “world map” often had difficulty determining
Childe,V. G. (1950).The urban revolution. Town Planning Review, 21(1), exactly where “China” ended and where the rest of “the
3–17.
Hourani, A. (1991). Part II: Arab-Muslim societies. In A history of the world” began.This difficulty arose because large-scale car-
Arab peoples. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. tographic representations of space during late imperial
Hourani,A., & Stern, S. M. (Eds.). (1970). The Islamic city. Oxford, UK: times in China involved a number of overlapping politi-
Oxford University Press.
Kenoyer, J. (1998). Ancient cities of the Indus Valley civilization. Karachi: cal, cultural, and geographical images, identified either by
Oxford University Press. dynastic names (Song,Yuan, Ming, and Qing) or by des-
King, P. L., & Taylor, P. (Eds.). (1995). World cities in a world-system.
Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ignations such as the Central (Cultural) Florescence (a
Modelski, G. (2000).World system evolution. In R. Denamark, J. Fried- state or period of flourishing, Zhonghua), the Spiritual
man, B. Gills, & G. Modelski (Eds.), World system history:The social Region (Shenzhou), the Nine Regions (Jiuzhou), the Cen-
science of long-term change (pp. 24–53). New York: Routledge.
Modelski, G. (2003). World cities–3000 to 2000.Washington, DC: Faros tral Kingdom (Zhongguo), the Central Land (Zhongtu),
2000. and All under Heaven (Tianxia). The relationship
Modelski, G., & Thompson,W. R. (2002). Evolutionary pulsations in the
world system. In S. C. Chew & J. D. Knotterus (Eds.), Structure, cul- between these conceptions is by no means always evident
ture, and history: Recent issues in social theory. Lanham, MD: Row- in traditional Chinese maps.
man and Littlefield.
Mumford, L. (1938, 1970). The culture of cities. New York: Harcourt Brace. Many, if not most, premodern Chinese world maps
Nichols, D., & Charlton, Y. H. (Eds.). (1997). The archaeology of city- show an abiding concern with the so-called tributary sys-
states. Washington, DC: Smithsonian. tem, which endured as a prominent feature of China’s for-
Tilly, C., & Blockmans,W. P. (Eds.). (1994). Cities and the rise of states
in Europe A.D. 1000 to 1800. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. eign policy down to the late nineteenth century. This
Toynbee, A. (Ed.). (1967). Cities of destiny. New York: McGraw Hill. system, which underwent many changes through time,
Webster, D. (2002). The fall of the ancient Maya. New York: Thames and was designed to confirm the long-standing theory that all
Hudson.
Wheatley, P. (1971). The pivot of the four quarters: A preliminary of the people living beyond China’s constantly shifting
inquiry into the origins and the character of the ancient Chinese city. borders, like all those people within them, were in some
Chicago: Aldine.
sense Chinese subjects.
The bringing of tribute to the Chinese emperor by for-
eign “representatives” testified to this conceit.As loyal sub-
jects they dated their communications by the Chinese
World Maps, calendar, came to court, presented their “local products,”
and performed all appropriate rituals of submission,
Chinese including the standard three kneelings and nine prostra-

tions (kowtow). In turn they received a patent of appoint-
aps provide an excellent illustration of the way dif- ment as well as an official seal for correspondence with
Mferent cultures conceive of and represent the world the Chinese “Son of Heaven.” They were given lavish pres-
around them. Whether maps depict street names and ents, offered protection, and often granted privileges of
shops in small local spaces or the entire cosmos, maps trade at the frontier and at the capital. This assumption