Page 36 - Encyclopedia Of World History Vol V

telegraph and telephone 1813

modified organisms have confronted nations and their Diamond, J. (1997). Guns, germs, and steel:The fates of human societies.
farmers and consumers with a controversial trade-off New York: W.W. Norton.
Elvin, M. (1973). The pattern of the Chinese past. Stanford, CA: Stanford
between present benefits and future risks. University Press.
Fagan, B. M. (2002). World prehistory: A brief introduction (5th ed).
Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Technology and
Finney, B. R. (1994). Voyage of rediscovery: A cultural odyssey through
the Future Polynesia. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
The power of humans over nature has increased at an Gimpel, J. (1997). The medieval machine:The industrial revolution of the
Middle Ages. New York: Penguin.
accelerating rate. Now humans are capable of extraordi- Headrick, D. (1981). The tools of empire: Technology and European
nary achievements, but also extraordinary damage to one imperialism in the nineteenth century. New York: Oxford University
Press.
another and to the planet. Advances in computers and
Headrick, D. (in press). The planet machine: A global history of technol-
communications will soon offer those who can afford ogy. New York: Oxford University Press.
them instant access to every text, film, or piece of music, Hourani, G. F. (1995). Arab seafaring in the Indian Ocean in ancient and
early medieval times. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
and will enable powerful governments to track every vehi- Levathes, L. (1994). When China ruled the seas: The treasure fleet of the
cle and perhaps every person on earth. Nuclear power dragon throne, 1405–1433. New York: Oxford University Press.
McClellan III, J. E., & Dorn, H. (1999). Science and technology in world
has the potential to replace fossil fuels, but its exploita-
history. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
tion also makes possible the creation of dangerous McNeill,W. H. (1982). The pursuit of power:Technology, armed force, and
weapons, which may fall into the hands of desperate indi- society since A.D. 1000. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
McNeill, W. H. (1989). The age of gunpowder empires, 1450–1800.
viduals. Biotechnology promises better health but also Washington, DC: American Historical Association.
the manipulation of all forms of life in ways never imag- McNeill, W. H., & McNeill, J. R. (2003). The human web: A bird’s eye
view of world history. New York: W.W. Norton.
ined; cloning in particular is a headline-grabbing new
Pacey, A. (1990). Technology in world history. Cambridge, UK: Cam-
technology fraught with difficult social and moral impli- bridge University Press.
cations.These technologies and others not yet imagined Rhodes, R. (1985). The heavens and the earth: A political history of the
space age. New York: Basic Books.
are double-edged swords for those who possess them. Rhodes, R. (1988). The making of the atom bomb. New York: Simon &
Meanwhile, those who have no access to modern Schuster.
Stearns, P. (1993). The industrial revolution in world history. Boulder,
technologies—half or more of humankind—are no bet-
CO: Westview Press.
ter off than they were a thousand years ago. White Jr., L. (1962). Medieval technology and social change. New York:
Oxford University Press.
Daniel R. Headrick

Further Reading Telegraph and
Barber, E. W. (1994). Women’s work: The first 20,000 years: Women,
cloth, and society in early times. New York: W.W. Norton.
Bray, F. (1986). The rice economies:Technology and development in Asian Telephone
societies. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Bray, F. (2000). Technology and society in Ming China (1368–1644).
Washington, DC: American Historical Association. he telegraph and the telephone are communica-
Bulliet, R. (1990). The camel and the wheel. New York: Columbia Uni-
versity Press. Ttions media that transmit messages by coded sig-
Casson, L. (1991). The ancient mariners: Seafarers and sea fighters of the nals, rather than by transporting a physical object such
Mediterranean in ancient times (2nd ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton as a letter.The telegraph conveys written messages and
University Press.
Cipolla, C. (1965). Guns, sails and empires:Technological innovation and the telephone transmits voice. Both media developed
the early phases of European expansion, 1400–1700. New York: Funk rapidly in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and
& Wagnalls.
Crosby, A. (1972). The Columbian exchange: Biological and cultural con- form the foundation of the electronics revolution of
sequences of 1492. Boulder, CO: Westwood Press. our time.