Page 92 - Encyclopedia Of World History Vol V

trading patterns, indian ocean 1869

A trading village in
Malaysia in the nine-
teenth century. Note
that the traders are
Malays and Chinese.

geopolitical networks such as
the nonaligned movement,
which was inaugurated in
Indonesia in 1955, attempted
to establish an alternative to
Cold War allegiances for newly
independent states. The Orga-
nization of Petroleum Export-
ing Countries (OPEC) was
founded in Baghdad in 1960
as a global organization for oil-
producing countries that had
transport, stimulating migration and tourism as major hitherto not benefited from the profits of their resources.
economic factors throughout the Indian Ocean.Although Middle Eastern states and Indonesia were founding mem-
indigenous shipping technology has not entirely disap- bers. Despite the existence of those movements and
peared in the Indian Ocean, it has been marginalized by organizations, the states of the Indian Ocean have not
these transportation innovations. created their own regional body.African States belong to
the African Union, formed in 2002 from the dissolution
From the End of of the Organization of African Unity (1963–2002).
World War II to the Present Southeast Asian states belong to the Association of
By the end of the twentieth century all the nations of the Southeast Asian States (ASEAN), which was established
Indian Ocean had gained independence from colonial in 1967. Processes of globalization continue to acceler-
rule. World War II was an important stimulus to this ate, and Indian Ocean trading networks can in most
trend and marks a turning point in the region. Britain and cases be incorporated into this trend.
the Netherlands were focused on the European war at the
Kerry Ward
expense of their colonies. Communication between
Europe and the Indian Ocean was disrupted, while in
Southeast Asia the expansion of the Japanese empire Further Reading
included the conquest of Singapore, Indonesia, and Barendse, R. J. (2002). The Arabian seas:The Indian Ocean world of the
seventeenth century. Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe.
Burma, and the replacement of colonial regimes by
Chaudhuri, K. N. (1990). Asia before Europe: Economy and civilization
nationalists. Indian nationalists demanded independ- of the Indian Ocean from the rise of Islam to 1750. Cambridge, UK:
ence; the result was the partition of India into the inde- Cambridge University Press.
Hall, R. (1996). Empires of the monsoon: A history of the Indian Ocean
pendent nations of India and Pakistan in 1947, followed and its invaders. London: Harper Collins.
in 1971 by the creation of Bangladesh from the former Kearney, M. (2004). The Indian Ocean in world history. New York:
Routledge.
East Pakistan. African colonies gained independence by
McPherson, K. (1993). The Indian Ocean:A history of people and the sea.
the 1970s. Delhi, India: Oxford University Press.
The Cold War changed the geopolitical significance of Middleton, J. (2004). African merchants of the Indian Ocean: Swahili of
the East African coast. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press.
the Indian Ocean nations, bringing the United States and Pearson, M. N. (2003). The Indian Ocean. New York: Routledge.
the Soviet Union into Indian Ocean politics.The Middle Risso, P. (1995). Merchants and faith: Muslim commerce and culture in the
Indian Ocean. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
East oil-producing states became a global focal point, and
Scarr, D. (1998). Slaving and slavery in the Indian Ocean. London:
nationalist governments were closely monitored. Global Macmillan.