Page 30 - Between One and Many The Art and Science of Public Speaking

Theories Are Balanced in Each Chapter With Multiple
Opportunities to Learn Skills and Practice the Steps of

Speechmaking

In Their Own Words
Sample Speech Outline
Title of speech. FLY INFESTATION
by Rosa Guzman Sample Speeches
Specific purpose is to provide the audi- Specifi c Purpose: To en-

ence with information that can help them gage and provide the audi-
deal with a common problem. ence with knowledge and
information on fl y infestation. “In Their Own Words” boxes provide sample outlines and speech
Introduction
I. Open with Impact:
Speaker begins with a common occur- Envision having lunch, excerpts, in addition to full student speeches. Many of these boxes pro-
rence all her audience members can
relate to. when all of a sudden you
notice a fl y has landed on
your food.
A. Wouldn’t you want to Rosa Guzman vide commentary to focus students on speaking techniques and critical
know where this fl y
came from?
B. Flies, like any other
type of species, have a biological history.
C. If fl ies have a biological record, wouldn’t you be interested in knowing if thinking.
they’ve left a trace of it on your food?
Thesis statement is labeled, but may not II. Thesis: Awareness of fl y infestation is crucial when operating a business.
fully convey the scope of the speech. III. Connect: Familiarizing yourself with the biology of fl ies may encourage you
to help prevent fl y infestation.
The speaker provides three reasons this A. It will enable you to manage a successful business
topic is important to audience members. B. If will facilitate satisfying your workers and customers.
C. As a customer, it will enable you to enjoy an afternoon meal at a
business.
Preview of speech is provided. IV. Preview: Today I will inform you about fl ies as well as fl y infestation and the
prevention of it at a business or even your own home.
Body of speech is labeled. Body
Main points begin with Roman numeral I. I. Main Point: There are three basic ways of knowing there’s a fl y
infestation. Chapter 8 Supporting Your Message 213
A. More than eight fl ies in a given area could be considered a potential fl y
infestation.
B. The detection of nearby larva (AKA... maggots) could serve as such as Florida and even Manhattan. On the other hand, we sometimes reason
evidence of a fl y infestation.
C. Live insects with dead insects and fl y spots or droppings. from effect to cause, looking at why something has occurred. Gore also claims that
the once feared hole in the ozone layer has been reduced because of the nations
Note transitional statements between (Transition: Now that you know the three basic ways of knowing there’s a fl y that banned the use of CFCs, once found in everything from hairspray to air
main points. infestation, let’s learn about the biological evolution of fl ies.) conditioners. Causal warrants are subject to tests of relatedness, other causes,
II. Main Point: The biology of a fl y includes its life stages, physical characteris- and side effects.
tics, and traits. For example, we recall a student who wanted to convince her classmates to
References cited in the speech are listed A. A house fl y has four life stages (Yeats, 2005). avoid getting a tattoo. One of the effects she claimed that could be caused by im-
by author name and date in parentheses. 1. The fi rst stage is the egg. proper tattooing (with dirty needles) was hepatitis, a serious disease. She cited
2. The second stage is the larva. experts who cautioned against tattooing and pointed out that among the unin-
tended side effects was the pain and expense of removing tattoos later in life.
She even offered another way to cause the desired effect of a tattoo—namely, a
242 technique called Mehndi, which creates body art that lasts only a few weeks.
Tips and Tactics
Using Causal Warrants
• Show how the cause is related to the alleged effect.
• Rule out other causes of the effect.
• Consider “side effects” in addition to the desired effect.
Sign Warrants
Tips and Tactics Perhaps you’ve heard someone say, “It’s going to rain. I can feel it in my bones.”
Or you’ve read a newspaper article stating that the economy is in a recovery
because the latest “leading economic indicators” are pointing upward. These are
These highly-regarded sections offer practical strategies for speakers examples of reasoning from sign. A sign warrant is reasoning in which the sign warrant
presence of an observed phenomenon is used to indicate the presence of an un-
Reasoning in which the
observed phenomenon. In sign reasoning, the warrant asserts that the grounds presence of an observed
provide a reliable sign that the claim is true. Some signs are infallible; most are phenomenon is used
on a variety of topics such as improving listening skills, avoiding lible sign of death. On the other hand, no one would claim that the rise or fall of to in dicate the pres-
merely probable. The absence of brain waves is considered legally as an infal-
ence of an unobserved
stock prices is even close to an infallible sign of the state of the economy. Sign phenomenon.
warrants are subject to tests of reliability and confl icting signs.
plagiarism, and evaluating sources. Tips and Tactics are highlighted Tips and Tactics
Using Sign Warrants
to make it easy for students to apply these suggestions to their own • Show that the signs are reliable indicators of the claim.
• Rule out confl icting signs.
speeches. A detective examines a crime scene for signs of forced entry, struggle, and
the like. Anyone who is a fan of Sherlock Holmes will recall that he often made
a case based on the most obscure signs. One small sign would point him to the
guilty suspect every time. Unfortunately, in real life such reliable signs are more
Self-Assessment
How Anxious Are You About Public Speaking?
The following scale measures communication anxiety in general, as well as anxiety resulting
from communication in four specifi c contexts: (1) dyads, (2) small groups, (3) meetings, and
(4) public settings. Upon completion of the measure, you may fi nd that although your overall
score is indicative of mild levels of communication anxiety, you are moderately to highly anx-
ious about communicating in one or more specifi c contexts. Some research, for example, in-
dicates that communicating in groups, meetings, and public settings is most anxiety arousing
for students much like you. In any case, the techniques introduced in this chapter will help you Self-Assessment
cope with your communication anxieties, regardless of their contextual source.
Personal Report of Communication Apprehension (PRCA-24)
Directions: This instrument is composed of 24 statements concerning your feelings about These boxes provide research-based measurement tools, which allow
communication with other people. Please indicate in the space provided the degree to which
each statement applies to you by marking whether you (1) Strongly Agree, (2) Agree, (3) Are
Undecided, (4) Disagree, or (5) Strongly Disagree with each statement. There are no right or
wrong answers. Many of the statements are similar to other statements. Do not be concerned students to assess their own attributes, experience key insights, and
about this. Work quickly; just record your fi rst impression.
1. I dislike participating in group discussions.
2. Generally, I am comfortable while participating in a group discussion. practice skills to become stronger communicators.
3. I am tense and nervous while participating in group discussions.
4. I like to get involved in group discussions.
5. Engaging in a group discussion with new people makes me tense and nervous.
6. I am calm and relaxed while participating in group discussions.
7. Generally, I am nervous when I have to participate in a meeting.
8. Usually I am calm and relaxed while participating in meetings.
9. am very calm and relaxed when I am called upon to express an opinion at a
I
meeting.
10. I am afraid to express myself at meetings.
11. Communicating at meetings usually makes me uncomfortable.
12. I am very relaxed when answering questions at a meeting.
13. While participating in a conversation with a new acquaintance, I feel very
nervous.
14. I have no fear of speaking up in conversations.
15. Ordinarily I am very tense and nervous in conversations.
16. Ordinarily I am very calm and relaxed in conversations.
speaking are perceived quite negatively. Even though their physical well-being
isn’t truly threatened by the task of speaking, their highly negative view of the
task causes their bodies to react as if it were. As a result, they may tremble, blush,
and perspire. Such a reaction would be justifi ed if they were running away from
a knife-wielding attacker. But that is not the case. They are standing in front of a
56 group of people who actually want them to succeed.
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