Page 4 - Bio Engineering Approaches to Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment

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CHAPTER
1
Introduction

Chapter outline
1.1 Cancer immunology ................................................................................................1
1.2 Cancer stem cell ....................................................................................................2
1.3 Cancer and immune system impairment ...................................................................3
1.4 Cancer therapy and immunotherapy ........................................................................3
1.5 Immunoassay diagnosis technics in cancer .............................................................6
1.6 Bioengineering assisted cancer imaging using nonbiological components ................8
1.7 Bioengineering assisted cancer treatment using nonbiological components ..............9
1.8 Principles of heat and fluid flow ..............................................................................9
1.8.1 Fluid mechanics ................................................................................9
1.8.2 Heat transfer ...................................................................................12
1.8.3 Thermodynamic ...............................................................................16
References .................................................................................................................19

1.1 Cancer immunology

Cancer is a lethal disease, which can affect all human tissues. It is a life-threatening
health problem that is linked to several genetic and environmental risk factors related
to immune function. These diseases produce immunosuppressive factors to disrupt
cell division, leading to uncontrolled proliferation of cancer cells. Most importantly,
tumor cells have learned to evade immune attack by presenting similar antigens to
normal cells and expressing very low levels of antigens. cancer is the second cause
of death (25%) in the United States [1]. The main kinds of cancers in adults include
breast, lung, prostate, and colorectal malignancies [2]. Lymphoma was the most
common invasive cancer (20%), after that invasive skin cancer (15%), endocrine
system cancer (11%) and male genital system cancer (11%) [2]. During 2004–08,
overall cancer incidence has reduced in men by 0.6% per year. However, this rate is
stable due to the high prevalence of breast cancer among women [3]. Based on recent
reports, during the past decade, the cancer incidence rate since 2006–2015 in women
was stable and in men declined by approximately 2% per year, whiles the rate of
death due to cancer (2007–16) declined annually by 1.4% and 1.8%, respectively.
Also, the overall cancer mortality rate has steadily decreased by 27% from 1991
to 2016. While the ethnic gap in cancer-related mortality is gradually narrowing,
socio-economic inequities are expanding and the most significant gaps for the most

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