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CHAPTER
4
Immunotherapy
Chapter outline
4.1 Cancer immunotherapy ........................................................................................ 70
4.1.1 Blockade of immune checkpoints ......................................................70
4.1.2 Oncolytic viral therapy ......................................................................72
4.1.3 Adoptive cell therapy ........................................................................72
4.1.4 Tumor infiltrating lymphocyte ............................................................74
4.2 Antibody based targeted therapy .......................................................................... 74
4.2.1 The mechanism of antibody based targeted therapy.............................75
4.2.2 Whole antibody or antibody fragments ................................................77
4.2.3 Immunoconjugates and unconjugated antibody ...................................78
4.2.4 Clinical examinations .......................................................................79
4.3 Radio immunotherapy (RIT) .................................................................................. 79
4.3.1 Radiotherapy ...................................................................................79
4.3.2 Radioimmune therapy ......................................................................82
4.3.3 Clinical and preclinical studies of RIT for cancer treatment ..................82
4.4 Chemo immunotherapy ........................................................................................ 83
4.4.1 Chemotherapy .................................................................................84
4.4.2 Chemo immunotherapy .....................................................................86
4.4.3 Clinical examination of chemo immunotherapy ...................................87
4.5 Antibody-drug conjugate ...................................................................................... 88
4.5.1 Antigens .........................................................................................90
4.5.2 Antibodies .......................................................................................91
4.5.3 Linkers and conjugates .....................................................................92
4.5.4 Drugs ..............................................................................................93
4.5.5 Case study ......................................................................................94
4.5.6 Prospect .........................................................................................94
4.6 Cancer vaccine ................................................................................................... 94
4.6.1 Main strategies in cancer vaccine production ......................................96
4.6.2 DNA/mRNA vaccines ........................................................................99
4.6.3 Tumor cell vaccines ........................................................................100
4.6.4 Viral vaccines ................................................................................100
4.6.5 Biomaterials in delivery and targeting ..............................................101
Bio-Engineering Approaches to Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-817809-6.00004-2 69
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