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international) companies, consumers (end-use or supply chain), value chain
actors and other groups, such as nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)
and public/state authorities. (Nguyen et al., 2017). However, in the litera-
ture we can find other stakeholders such as clients, shareholders/owners,
creditors, resource agency and environment (environmental protection),
competitors, trade unions (specific groups), media and consumer advocacy
(Freeman, 1984; Zhao et al., 2012).
The social and socioeconomic subcategories were defined according to
best practices at the international level: international instruments, initiatives
of corporate social responsibility, legal framework model, and evaluation of
the literature of social impacts. The following are the 31 subcategories asso-
ciated with five categories of stakeholders: workers, local community, soci-
ety, consumers, and actors of the value chain (Mattioda et al., 2017).
(a) Workers: Freedom of association and collective negotiation; child
labor; fair wage; work hours; forced labor; equal opportunities/discrim-
ination; health and safety; social benefits/social security.
(b) Local community: Access to material resources; access to immaterial
resources; delocalization and migration; cultural heritage; safe and
healthy living conditions; enforcement of indigenous rights; commu-
nity participation; local employment; secure living conditions.
(c) Society: Public commitments to sustainability issues; contribution to
economic development; prevention and mitigation of armed conflicts;
development of technology; corruption.
(d) Consumer: Health and safety; feedback mechanism; consumer privacy;
transparency; end-of-life responsibility.
(e) Actors of value chain: Fair competition; relationship with suppliers;
enforcement of intellectual property rights.
The measurability of social conditions and socioeconomic impacts accord-
ing to De Rosa (2018) is more imprecise than the quantification of physical
phenomena. Current environmental impact assessments include indirectly
some social aspects, such as the impact on human health and/or welfare
(a social issue) caused by pollution (environmental problem). There are
additional challenges to systematically quantify social impacts: LCA data
at scale on social performance are rare; the LCIA of social issues involves,
to a large extent, choices based on value. Although there are some guidelines
and methodological structures the SLCA is currently not widely realized.
Theoretically, the stakeholder categories (and their subcategories) evaluated
by a SLCA by the UNEP/SETAC guidelines (UNEP, 2009) or the
infringements list in Weidema (2006).