Page 257 - Biosystems Engineering

Biomass Pyr olysis and Bio-Oil Refineries 235

Applications using the Applications using Special chemicals
whole crude bio-oils fractions
Methanol
Slow-release Formic acid
fertilizers Carbonyl
NH 3 Glyoxal
–C = O Methyl glyoxal
Family A, B Ethanol
Noxolene
(NOx reduction) Acetic acid
Acetaldehyde
Lime Hydroxyacetaldehyde
Carboxyl Acetol
–COOH Crude Bio-oils Formaldehyde
Propionic acid
Biolime Acetone
NO /SO red., deicers Methyl formate
x
x
Phenolics
Family C Phenol
Wood preservatives Furfuryl alcohol
resins sufactants Catechol
Adhesives, fuels,
Hydroquinone
antioxidants Bernzenediol
All
Steam Syringaldehyde
functional
3-Ethylphenol
groups
Synthesis gas, Levoglucosan
hydrogen Family D Cellobiosan
1,6-Anhydroglucofuranose
Hydrolysis and Fructose
fermentation Extractive-derived
compounds
Family E-F Oligomers
Adhesives, humus,
advanced carbons
FIGURE 7.11 Chemical applications of crude bio-oils.
phenolic. These functional groups react in such a way that the nonre-
acting part of the bio-oil does not have to be separated from the final
product (Radlein 1999; Czernik and Bridgwater 2004). The character-
ization approach proposed by Radlein (1999) and Nicolaides (1984) is
very useful in estimating the content of these functional groups in
bio-oils. They proposed to consider bio-oil from the viewpoint of the
distribution of its principal functional groups. The carboxyl (1.2 to 2.1
mol/kg organics) (−COOH), carbonyl (1.8 to 6.2 mol/kg organics)
(−C=O), hydroxyl (0.7 to 1.4 mol/kg organics) (−OH), phenolic (1.8 to 3.0
mol/kg organics), and methoxyl (0.7 to 2.1 mol/kg organics) (−OCH )
3
were chosen due to their strong impact on bio-oil chemistry. These
results suggest that the carbonyl groups are the most abundant
groups in bio-oils.
Carboxylic acids and phenols react with lime to form calcium salts
and phenolates (Oehr 1995; Czernik and Bridgwater 2004). A product
called BioLime was developed by the DynaMotive Energy Systems
Corp., Vancouver, BC, Canada, and has been successfully tested in