Page 781 - Carrahers_Polymer_Chemistry,_Eighth_Edition

744 Carraher’s Polymer Chemistry

TABLE G.1
Description of Toxic Measures
TDLo/Tpxic Dose Low—The lowest dose introduced by any route other than inhalation over any period of time that
produces any toxic effect in humans or to produce carcinogenic, teratogenic, mutagenic, or neoplastic effects in humans
and animals
TCLo/Toxic Concentration Low—Any concentration in air that causes any toxic effect in humans or produces a
carcinogenic, teratogenic, mutagenic, or neoplastigenic toxic effect in humans or animals
LDLo/Lethal Dose Low—The lowest dose introduced by any route other than by inhalation over a time to have caused
death in humans or the lowest single dose to have caused death in animals
LD 50 /Lethal Dose Fifty—A calculated dose expected to cause the death of 50% of a tested population from exposure by
any route other than inhalation
LCLo/Lethal Concentration Low—The lowest concentration in air to have caused death in a human or animal when
exposed for 24 h or less
LC 50 /Lethal Concentration Fifty—A calculated concentration of a substance in air that would cause death in 50% of a test
population from exposure for 24 h or less
EEGL/Emergency Exposure Guideline Level—Exposure limits for very short exposure
WEEL/Workplace Environmental Exposure Level—Exposure limits for healthy workers exposed repeatedly without
adverse health effects
OEL/Occupational Exposure Limits—Worker exposure guide
PREL/Permissible Exposure Limits—Worker exposure limits for no ill effect
NOAEL/No Observable Adverse Effect Level—Safe usage level
LOAEL/Lowest Observable Adverse Effect Level—Safe usage level

TABLE G.2
TWA Values for Selected Monomers and Additional Recognized
Toxins
Chemical TWA (ppm) Chemical TWA (ppm)
Acetic anhydride 5 Ethylene oxide 50
Acrylonitrile 20 Formaldehyde 3
Benzene 10 Hydrazine 1
1,3-Butadiene 1,000 Hydrogen cyanide 10
Carbon monoxide 50 Phenol 5
Chloroprene 25 Styrene 100
1,2-Ethylenediamine 10 Vinyl chloride 500

Industrial recognition of customer and employee safety is a major factor and included in such inter-
national programs as ISO 9000 and ISO 14000. Further, a number of national and state agencies and
associations deal with aspects of the environmental and personal safety issues on an ongoing basis.

G.4 ENVIRONMENT
Today, industry and business recognize that part of doing business is taking care of the environ-
ment. Along with various agencies, business and industry are concluding that good environmen-
tal practices are good business. Advances continue with respect to lowering potentially harmful
emissions into our water and air shared by all of us. Chemical industries are taking the lead in this
clean-up process. A combination of watchful vigilance and trust is needed to continue this effort.

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