Page 35 - Characterization and Properties of Petroleum Fractions

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AT029-Manual-v7.cls
AT029-Manual
June 22, 2007
AT029-01
1. INTRODUCTION 15
properties of petroleum fractions can save a large portion of
properties discussed in the follow-up chapters. Fundamental
such huge additional investment and operating costs. 14:26 in Chapter 5 will be used in the prediction of physical
thermodynamic relations for calculation of thermodynamic
properties are presented in Chapter 6. The last three chapters
1.4 ORGANIZATION OF THE BOOK of the book show applications of methods presented in Chap-
ters 2–6 for calculation of various physical, thermodynamic,
As the title of the book portrays and was discussed in Sec- and transport properties. Methods of calculation and esti-
tions 1.2 and 1.3, the book presents methods of characteriza- mation of density and vapor pressure are given in Chapter 7.
tion and estimation of thermophysical properties of hydrocar- Thermal properties such as heat capacity, enthalpy, heat
bons, defined mixtures, undefined petroleum fractions, crude of vaporization, heats of combustion and reaction, and
oils, and reservoir fluids. The entire book is written in nine the heating value of fuels are also discussed in Chapter 7.
chapters in a way such that in general every chapter requires Predictive methods for transport properties namely viscosity,
materials presented in previous chapters. In addition there is thermal conductivity, diffusivity, and surface tension are
an appendix and an index. Chapter 1 gives a general intro- given in Chapter 8 [30, 31, 42, 43, 69, 70]. Finally, phase
duction to the subject from basic definition of various terms, equilibrium calculations, estimation of equilibrium ratios,
the nature of petroleum, its formation and composition, types GOR, calculation of pressure–temperature (PT) diagrams,
of petroleum mixtures, and the importance of characteriza- solid formations, the conditions at which asphaltene, wax,
tion and property prediction to specific features of the book and hydrate are formed, as well as their preventive methods
and its application in the petroleum industry and academia. are discussed in Chapter 9.
Because of the importance of units in property calculations, The book is written according to the standards set by ASTM
the last section of Chapter 1 deals with unit conversion fac- for its publication. Every chapter begins with a general intro-
tors especially between SI and English units for the parame- duction to the chapter. Since in the following chapters for
ters used in the book. Chapter 2 is devoted to properties and most properties several predictive methods are presented, a
characterization of pure hydrocarbons from C 1 to C 22 from section on conclusion and recommendations is added at the
different hydrocarbon groups, especially from homologous end of the chapter. Practical problems as examples are pre-
groups commonly found in petroleum fluids. Properties of sented and solved for each property discussed in each chap-
some nonhydrocarbons found with petroleum fluids such as ter. Finally, the chapter ends by a set of exercise problems
H 2 O, H 2 S, CO 2 , and N 2 are also given. Basic parameters are followed by a citation section for the references used in the
defined at the beginning of the chapter, followed by charac- chapter.
terization of pure hydrocarbons. Predictive methods for vari- The Appendix gives a summary of definitions of terms and
ous properties of pure hydrocarbons are presented and com- properties used in this manual according to the ASTM dictio-
pared with each other. A discussion is given on the state-of- nary as well as the Greek letters used in this manual. Finally
the-arts development of predictive methods. The procedures the book ends with an index to provide a quick guide to find
presented in this chapter are essential for characterization of specific subjects.
petroleum fractions and crude oils discussed in Chapters 3
and 4.
Chapter 3 discusses various characterization methods for 1.5 SPECIFIC FEATURES OF
petroleum fractions and petroleum products. Characteriza- THIS MANUAL
tion parameters are introduced and analytical instruments in
laboratory are discussed. In this chapter one can use min- In this part several existing books in the area of character-
imum laboratory data to characterize petroleum fractions ization and physical properties of petroleum fractions are
and to determine the quality of petroleum products. Esti- introduced and their differences with the current book are
mation of some basic properties such as molecular weight, discussed. Then some special features of this book are pre-
molecular-type composition, sulfur content, flash, pour point sented.
and freezing points, critical constants, and acentric factor for
petroleum fractions are presented in this chapter. A theoret- 1.5.1 Introduction of Some Existing Books
ical discussion on development of characterization methods
and generation of predictive correlations from experimental There are several books available that deal with physical prop-
data is also presented. Methods of Chapter 3 are extended to erties of petroleum fractions and hydrocarbon systems. The
Chapter 4 for the characterization of various reservoir fluids most comprehensive and widely used book is the API Tech-
and crude oils. Chapters 2–4 are perhaps the most impor- nical Data Book—Petroleum Refining [47]. It is a book with
tant chapters in this book, as the methods presented in these 15 chapters in three volumes, and the first edition appeared
chapters influence the entire field of physical properties in the in mid 1960s. Every 5 years since, some chapters of the book
remaining chapters. have been revised and updated. The project has been con-
In Chapter 5, PVT relations, equations of state, and ducted at the Pennsylvania State University and the sixth
corresponding state correlations are presented [31, 63–65]. edition was published in 1997. It contains a data bank on
The use of the velocity of light and sound in developing properties of pure hydrocarbons, chapters on characteriza-
equations of state is also presented [31, 66–68]. Equations of tion of petroleum fractions, thermodynamic and transport
state and corresponding state correlations are powerful tools properties of liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons, their mix-
in the estimation of volumetric, physical, transport, and tures, and undefined petroleum fractions. For each property,
thermodynamic properties [64, 65, 69]. Procedures outlined one predictive method that has been approved and selected

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