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Theories of Broadcast Media 39
prophet of a second media age, but much of it is also interested in an affir-
mation that it is, after all, important to look at communication media.
McLuhan’s work is based on an historical understanding of successive
waves of communication from print to electronic. His various aphorisms
on the media, including ‘the global village’ and ‘the medium is the message’,
have become absorbed into popular culture, whilst not necessarily under-
stood within McLuhan’s own system of thought. Influential in the academy
in the 1960s, McLuhan underwent a ‘loss of vogue’ (McQuail, 1983: 90)
in the 1970s, which continued until the recent reclamation of his work by
theorists of the second media age and cyberculture. 18
The major contribution of McLuhan to communication theory is his
multi-dimensional account of communication ‘mediums’ – a way of look-
ing at technologically constituted social relationships, which each have
their distinct reality or ontology. This approach is very different from, say,
the culture industry thesis, the theory of ideology, or Baudrillard’s pre-
cession of simulacra, each of which implies a basic homogenization of
those immersed in media. 19
Rather, McLuhan’s contention is that media technologies carry distinct
temporal and spatial specificities to which correspond definite frameworks
of perception. As James Carey (1972) suggests,

The exploitation of a particular communications technology fixes particular
sensory relations in members of society. By fixing such a relation, it deter-
mines a society’s world view; that is, it stipulates a characteristic way of
organizing experience. It thus determines the forms of knowledge, the struc-
ture of perception, and the sensory equipment attuned to absorb reality.
(284–5)

Historically, however, he does argue, one or more of these frame-
works may come to dominate cultural perception as a whole. Thus, he
distinguishes between print-based culture and electronically extended
culture. In print culture, claims McLuhan in Understanding Media (origi-
nally published in 1964), our perception of the world tends to be englobed
by literature and the book, which becomes an analogue conditioning
other experiences. This is often experienced as the new mediating the old
20
and interiorizing it: ... ‘the “content” of any medium is always another
medium. The content of writing is speech, just as the written word is
the content of print, and print is the content of the telegraph’ (McLuhan,
1994: 16). 21

THE TELEGRAPH
PRINT
WRITING
SPEECH