Page 20 - Concise Encyclopedia of Robotics

Algorithm
ALGORITHM
An algorithm is a precise, step-by-step procedure by which a solution to a
problem is found. Algorithms can usually be shown in flowchart form.
All computer programs are algorithms. Robots perform specific tasks by
following algorithms that tell them exactly where and when to move.
In an efficient algorithm, every step is vital, even if it seems to sidetrack
or backtrack. An algorithm must contain a finite number of steps. Each
step must be expressible in digital terms, allowing a computer to execute it.
Although the algorithm can contain loops that are iterated many times,
the whole process must be executable in a finite length of time. Although
no algorithm is infinitely complex, there are some that would require
millions of years to be executed by a human being but can be done by
computers in a few seconds.
See also FLOWCHART.
ALL-TRANSLATIONAL SYSTEM
An all-translational system is a scheme in which the coordinate axes
remain constant,or fixed,in an absolute sense as a robot moves.A common
example is a system in three-dimensional (3-D) Cartesian coordinate
geometry, in which the axes are defined as north/south, east/west, and
up/down.
An all-translational system in a given environment does not necessarily
constitute an all-translational system in another environment. Consider a
Cartesian system in which the x axis is north/south, the y axis is east/west,
and the z axis is up/down. This is all-translational as defined in, and relative
to, a small region on the Earth. However, this scheme loses its absolute-
ness with respect to the whole planet or the greater Universe, because the
Earth is a rotating sphere, not a fixed Euclidean plane.
In the absence of a set of physical objects for reference,an all-translational
system can be maintained by inertial means. The gyroscope is the most
common means of accomplishing this.
See also CARTESIAN COORDINATE GEOMETRY and GYROSCOPE.
ALTERNATIVE COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY
Researchers in artificial intelligence (AI) have debated for years whether
it is possible to build a machine with intelligence comparable to that of a
human being. Some scientists think that alternative computer technology
might provide a pathway in the quest for human-level AI.

Digital processes
Personal computers make use of digital computer technology. The oper-
ating language, known as machine language, consists of only two possible

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