Page 8 - Corrosion Engineering Principles and Practice

vi C o n t e n t s C o n t e n t s vii

8 Corrosion by Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
8.1 Importance of Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
8.2 Corrosion and Water Quality
and Availability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
8.2.1 Corrosion Impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
8.2.2 Corrosion Management . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
8.2.3 Condition Assessment
Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
8.3 Types of Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
8.3.1 Natural Waters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
8.3.2 Treated Waters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
8.4 Cooling Water Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
8.4.1 Once-Through Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
8.4.2 Recirculated Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
8.4.3 Heat Exchangers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
8.5 Steam Generating Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
8.5.1 Treatment of Boiler
Feedwater Makeup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
8.5.2 Fossil Fuel Steam Plants . . . . . . . . . . . 296
8.5.3 Supercritical Steam Plants . . . . . . . . . . 297
8.5.4 Waste Heat Boilers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
8.5.5 Nuclear Boiling Water Reactors . . . . . 299
8.5.6 Nuclear Pressurized
Water Reactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
8.5.7 Corrosion Costs
to the Power Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
8.6 Water Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
8.6.1 Corrosion Inhibitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
8.6.2 Scale Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
8.6.3 Microorganisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
8.7 Scaling Indices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
8.7.1 Langelier Saturation Index . . . . . . . . . 314
8.7.2 Other Indices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
8.8 Ion-Association Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
8.8.1 Limiting Halite Deposition in a
Wet High-Temperature Gas Well . . . . 320
8.8.2 Identifying Acceptable Operating Range
for Ozonated Cooling Systems . . . . . . 321
8.8.3 Optimizing Calcium Phosphate
Scale Inhibitor Dosage in a High-TDS
Cooling System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327