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Environment and Pecuniary Culture 149

NY: Syracuse University Press, 1980); excerpted in Lisa M. Benton and John Rennie
Short, eds., Environmental Discourse and Practice (London: Blackwell, 2000), 15.
12. Harold A. Innis, “A Plea for Time” (1951; reprint, The Bias of Communication,
with an Introduction by Marshall McLuhan, Toronto: University of Toronto Press,
1971), 76.
13. See Kenneth E. Boulding, A Primer on Social Dynamics: History as Dialec-
tics and Development (New York: The Free Press, Collier-Macmillan, 1970), 27.
14. Harold A. Innis, “Minerva’s Owl (1947; reprint, The Bias of Communication,
Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1971), 8.
15. Harold A. Innis, “A Critical Review,” (1948; reprint, The Bias of Communica-
tion, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1971), 191.
16. Smith, Wealth of Nations, 651.
17. Peter Knudstson and David Suzuki, Wisdom of the Elders (Toronto: Stoddart,
1992), 15–17.
18. John O’Neill, “Value Pluralism: Incommensurability and Institutions,” in Valu-
ing Nature: Economics, Ethics and Environment, ed. John Foster (London: Rout-
ledge, 1997), 79.
19. John Kenneth Galbraith, The New Industrial State (Boston: Houghton Mifflin,
1967).
20. Julian Simon, “The Grand Theory.” Chapter 4 of The Ultimate Resource II:
People, Materials, and Environment (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press,
1998). www.juliansimon.com/writings/Ultimate_Resource/TCHAR04B.txt (accessed
August 22, 2008).
21. Andrew Goudie, The Human Impact On the Natural Environment, 5th ed.
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000), 152.
22. Marshall McLuhan, Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man (New York:
Mentor, 1964), 123–34; also Marshall McLuhan and Eric McLuhan, Laws of the
Media: The New Science (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1988), 106–07.
23. Interestingly, contentions are starting to be made that money may become less
of a factor in the years to come. Chris Anderson of Wired magazine predicts that on-
line costs of bandwidth, storage, and processing are already so low (and decreasing
every year), that it is often no longer economical to meter usage, and hence “free” be-
comes inevitable. Jennifer Wells, “In the New Economy, ‘Free Becomes Inevitable,’”
Globe and Mail, May 5, 2008, B1, B4. Also, Chris Anderson, The Long Tail (New
York: Hyperion, 2006). Unfortunately, seers projecting digital utopias often omit hid-
den costs. Computer components, for example, “require the use of an array of high-
grade minerals that can be obtained only through major mining operations and
energy-transformation processes.” See Wolfgang Sachs, Planet Dialectics: Explo-
rations in Environment and Development (New York: Zed Books, 1999), 192.