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1.1 Why Data Mining? 3

Data Collection and Database Creation
(1960s and earlier)
Primitive file processing

Database Management Systems
(1970s to early 1980s)
Hierarchical and network database systems
Relational database systems
Data modeling: entity-relationship models, etc.
Indexing and accessing methods
Query languages: SQL, etc.
User interfaces, forms, and reports
Query processing and optimization
Transactions, concurrency control, and recovery
Online transaction processing (OLTP)

Advanced Database Systems Advanced Data Analysis
(mid-1980s to present) (late- 1980s to present)
Advanced data models: extended-relational, Data warehouse and OLAP
object relational, deductive, etc. Data mining and knowledge discovery:
Managing complex data: spatial, temporal, classification, clustering, outlier analysis,
multimedia, sequence and structured, association and correlation, comparative
scientific, engineering, moving objects, etc. summary, discrimination analysis, pattern
Data streams and cyber-physical data systems discovery, trend and deviation analysis, etc.
Web-based databases (XML, semantic web) Mining complex types of data: streams,
Managing uncertain data and data cleaning sequence, text, spatial, temporal, multimedia,
Integration of heterogeneous sources Web, networks, etc.
Text database systems and integration with Data mining applications: business, society,
information retrieval retail, banking, telecommunications, science
Extremely large data management and engineering, blogs, daily life, etc.
Database system tuning and adaptive systems Data mining and society: invisible data
Advanced queries: ranking, skyline, etc. mining, privacy-preserving data mining,
mining social and information networks,
Cloud computing and parallel data processing recommender systems, etc.
Issues of data privacy and security

Future Generation of Information Systems
(Present to future)

Figure 1.1 The evolution of database system technology.

several critical functionalities (Figure 1.1): data collection and database creation, data
management (including data storage and retrieval and database transaction processing),
and advanced data analysis (involving data warehousing and data mining). The early
development of data collection and database creation mechanisms served as a prerequi-
site for the later development of effective mechanisms for data storage and retrieval,
as well as query and transaction processing. Nowadays numerous database systems
offer query and transaction processing as common practice. Advanced data analysis has
naturally become the next step.