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AT029-Manual
AT029-FM
June 19, 2007
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AT029-Manual-v8.cls
xviii PREFACE
necessary to provide input data. It could be imagined that the best method of character-
izing a mixture is a complete analysis. However, because of the complexity of undefined
mixtures, complete analyses are usually impossible and, at best, inconvenient. A predic-
tive method to determine the composition or amount of sulfur in a hydrocarbon fuel is
vital to see if a product meets specifications set by the government or other authorities
to protect the environment.
My first interaction with physical properties of petroleum fluids was at the time that
I was a graduate student at Penn State in the late 70s working on a project related to
enhanced oil recovery for my M.S. thesis when I was looking for methods of estimation
of properties of petroleum fluids. It was such a need and my personal interest that
later I joined the ongoing API project on thermodynamic and physical properties of
petroleum fractions to work for my doctoral thesis. Since that time, property estimation
and characterization of various petroleum fluids has remained one of my main areas of
research. Later in the mid-80s I rejoined Penn State as a faculty member and I continued
my work with the API which resulted in development of methods for several chapters
of the API Technical Data Book. Several years later in late 80s, I continued the work
while I was working at the Norwegian Institute of Technology (NTH) at Trondheim
where I developed some characterization techniques for heavy petroleum fractions as
well as measuring methods for some physical properties. In the 90s while at Kuwait
University I got the opportunity to be in direct contact with the oil companies in the
region through research, consultation, and conducting special courses for the industry.
My association with the University of Illinois at Chicago in early 90s was helpful in the
development of equations of state based on velocity of sound. The final revision of the
book was completed when I was associated with the University of Texas at Austin and
McGill University in Montreal during my leave from Kuwait University.
Part of the materials in this book were prepared when I was teaching a graduate course
in applied thermodynamics in 1988 while at NTH. The materials, mainly a collection of
technical papers, have been continuously updated and rearranged to the present time.
These notes have also been used to conduct industrial courses as well as a course on fluid
properties in chemical and petroleum engineering. This book is an expansion with com-
plete revision and rewriting of these notes. The main objective of this book is to present
the fundamentals and practice of estimating the physical and thermodynamic proper-
ties as well as characterization methods for hydrocarbons, petroleum fractions, crude
oils, reservoir fluids, and natural gases, as well as coal liquids. However, the emphasis is
on the liquid petroleum fractions, as properties of gases are generally calculated more
accurately. The book will emphasize manual calculations with practical problems and
examples but also will provide good understanding of techniques used in commercial
software packages for property estimations. Various methods and correlations developed
by different researchers commonly used in the literature are presented with necessary
discussions and recommendations.
My original goal and objective in writing this book was to provide a reference for the
petroleum industry in both processing and production. It is everyone’s experience that in
using thermodynamic simulators for process design and equipment, a large number of
options is provided to the user for selection of a method to characterize the oil or to get
an estimate of a physical property. This is a difficult choice for a user of a simulator, as
the results of design calculations significantly rely on the method chosen to estimate the
properties. One of my goals in writing this book was to help users of simulators overcome
this burden. However, the book is written in a way that it can also be used as a textbook
for graduate or senior undergraduate students in chemical, petroleum, or mechanical
engineering to understand the significance of characterization, property estimation and
methods of their development. For this purpose a set of problems is presented at the
end of each chapter. The book covers characterization as well as methods of estimation
of thermodynamic and transport properties of various petroleum fluids and products. A
great emphasis is given to treatment of heavy fractions throughout the book. An effort
was made to write the book in a way that not only would be useful for the profession-
als in the field, but would also be easily understandable to those non-engineers such as
chemists, physicists, or mathematicians who get involved with the petroleum industry.
The word properties in the title refers to thermodynamic, physical, and transport proper-
ties. Properties related to the quality and safety of petroleum products are also discussed.
Organization of the book, its uses, and importance of the methods are discussed in detail

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