Page 179 - Electrical Engineering Dictionary

cost function a nonnegative scalar func- Coulomb is best known for his study of
tion that represents the cost incurred by an electric charge and magnetism resulting in
inaccurate value of the estimate. Also called Coulomb’s Law, as well as his studies in fric-
penalty function. tion. Coulomb also invented the torsion bal-
ance in 1777. He used this device in many
Costas loop a carrier synchronization experiments. Coulomb began his career in
loopinadigitalcommunicationsreceiverthat the military, but resigned when the French
uses a quadrature phase detector in place of Revolution began. His experience as a mil-
a conventional square-law device. itary engineer involved him in a wide vari-
ety of different projects. It also gave him
cotree the complement of a tree in a net- time to continue his own experimental work.
work. Coulomb’s law states that the force between
two charges is proportional to the product
Cotton–Mouton effect second-order of the charges and inversely proportional to
anisotropic reciprocal magnetooptic effect the square of the distance between the two
that causes a linearly polarized incident light charges. Coulomb is honored by having his
to transmit through as an elliptically polar- name used as the unit of electric charge, the
ized output light wave when the propagation coulomb.
direction of the incident light is perpendicu-
lar to the direction of the applied magnetiza- counter (1) a variable or hardware regis-
tion of the magnetooptic medium. It is also ter that contains a value that is always incre-
known as magnetic linear birefringence. mented or decremented by a fixed amount,
and always in the same direction (usually in-
Coulomb blockade the situation in which cremented by one, but not always).
a particle has insufficient thermal energy to (2) a simple Moore finite state machine
allow the necessary energy exchange during that counts input clock pulses. It can be wired
a tunneling process. Hence, the bias supply or enabled to count up and/or down, and in
must supply energy to the electron to account various codes.
for the stored energy change in tunneling,
which requires V> e/2C, where C is the counter-EMF a voltage developed in an
capacitance (eV << kBT ). electrical winding by Faraday’s Law that op-
poses the source voltage, thus limiting the
Coulomb force electric force exerted on current in the winding.
an electrically charged body, which is pro-
portional to the amount of the charge and the counter-EMF starter a type of DC-motor
electric field strength in which the charged starter that reduces the resistance in the start-
body is placed. ing circuit as the voltage across the armature
rises.
Coulomb’s Law the force of repul-
sion/attraction between two like/unlike counter-propagation learning See hi-
charges of electricity concentrated at two erarchical feature map.
points in an isotropic medium is proportional
to the product of their magnitudes and in- counter-rotating field theory mathemat-
versely proportional to the square of the dis- ical theory in which a magnetic field with
tance between them and to the dielectric con- stationary spatial direction but sinusoidally
stant of the medium. varying magnitude is decomposed into two
constant-magnitude fluxes rotating in oppo-
Coulomb, Charles (1763–1806) Born: site directions. The angular velocity, ω,of
Angouleme, France the rotating fluxes equals the time-domain

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