Page 270 - Electrical Engineering Dictionary

other, the principal difference between EISA external cavity klystron a klystron de-
and MCA is that EISA is backward compat- vice in which the resonant cavities are located
ible with the ISA bus (also called the AT outside the vacuum envelope of the tube.
bus), while MCA is not. Therefore, com-
puters with an EISA bus can use new EISA externalevent eventoccurringoutsidethe
expansion cards as well as old AT expansion CPU and I/O modules of a computer system
cards, while computers with an MCA bus can that results in a CPU interrupt. Examples in-
use only MCA expansion cards. clude power fail interrupts, interval timer in-
terrupts, and operator intervention interrupts.
extended Kalman filter state estimation
method based on linearization (see the defi- external fragmentation in segmentation,
nition) of nonlinear system and measurement leaving small unusable areas of main mem-
equations about the current state estimate. ory that can occur after transferring segments
The forms of both the filter gain and esti- into and out of the memory.
mation error covariance equations are similar
to those in the Kalman filter (see the defini- external interrupt a signal requesting at-
tion). However, duetothelinearizationabout tention that is generated outside of the CPU.
the current state estimate, both equations are
dependent on the current state estimate and external memory secondary memory of
cannot be calculated off-line. a computer.

external modulation modulation of the
extended memory in PCs, the memory
optical intensity using an optical intensity
located over the first megabyte of memory.
modulator to modulate a constant power
This kind of memory is seen in the PC as
laser.
continuous. Operating systems such as Win-
dows NT, LINUX, and OS/2 are capable of
external space the space of allowable po-
working in protected mode, and thus at 32
sitions and orientations of the end-effector
bits. When MS-DOS is adopted to allow the
of the manipulator. In general the exter-
exploitation of this memory as EMS, special
nal space, with the special Euclidean group
software drivers have to be used. This over-
3
∼
SE(3) = SO(3) × R , consists of rotations
comes the limit of 640 kb imposed by the
3
3
(SO(3)) and translations (R ) in R . The ex-
real-mode and adopted by MS-DOS.
ternal space is called as Cartesian space, test-
oriented space, or operational space by many
extended source a (light) source in which
roboticians. Some people mean by Carte-
rays are emitted from a large source area.
sian space the space in which the position of
Compare with point source.
a point is given with three numbers, and in
which the orientation of a body is given by
extended space for a space of func-
three numbers. This is because in order to
tions X, another space of functions, denoted
position and orient a body in Cartesian space
X e , defined as the space of all functions
we need 6 coordinates. In general orienta-
whose truncation belongs to X. See also
tion is specified by 3 × 3 orientation matrix
truncation.
that forms orthonormal vectors. Orientation
can be specified in terms of a minimal repre-
extended storage See solid state disk. sentation describing the rotation of the end-
effector frame with respect to the reference
extension principle a basic identity for frame, e.g., Euler angles or rotation about
extending the domain of nonfuzzy or crisp an arbitrary axis and equivalent angle. Then
relations to their fuzzy counterparts. manipulator position and orientation is m×1
c
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